{"id":10721,"date":"2024-02-13T18:59:54","date_gmt":"2024-02-13T23:59:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/?page_id=10721"},"modified":"2024-02-17T10:07:07","modified_gmt":"2024-02-17T15:07:07","slug":"seacs2024","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/conferences\/seacs2024\/","title":{"rendered":"SEACS 2024 Presentation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Original Title: The Rhetoric of World Dominance: American Culture and Interventionist Slogans<br>More-Suited Title: The Rhetoric of Saviors: American Ideology and Imperialism<br><strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">Settled Title: The Cold War Never Ended (or Maybe It Just Paused)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Scope of the Presentation<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;Good Guy&#8221; Rhetoric and Ideology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>American Exceptionalism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Orwellian Faith<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>So-Called Irrational Actors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Interventionist Rhetoric and Ukraine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Interventionist Statements in Recent History<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;When America is engaged \u2026 we are a force for peace and stability.&#8221;<br>&#8211;James A. Baker, III (<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usip.org\/publications\/2021\/02\/german-reunification-it-was-nothing-short-miracle\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.usip.org\/publications\/2021\/02\/german-reunification-it-was-nothing-short-miracle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">circa 1990<\/a><\/strong>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;&#8230;take the fight to the enemy in Afghanistan, in Iraq, and across the world.&#8221;<br>&#8211;President George W. Bush (<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov\/news\/releases\/2007\/08\/20070828-2.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov\/news\/releases\/2007\/08\/20070828-2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">8\/28\/2007<\/a><\/strong>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;Our relationship serves as a cornerstone for security, democracy, and human rights in Ukraine and the broader region.&#8221;<br>&#8212;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/statements-releases\/2021\/09\/01\/joint-statement-on-the-u-s-ukraine-strategic-partnership\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/statements-releases\/2021\/09\/01\/joint-statement-on-the-u-s-ukraine-strategic-partnership\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The White House<\/a> (9\/01\/2021) &amp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/united-with-ukraine\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/united-with-ukraine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Antony J. Blinken<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Unpacking the Rhetorical Layers in the Above Statements<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Beyond the scope of a 15-20 minute presentation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Requires a discussion of historical context<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>George W. Bush, although with clouded judgment, was looking to deal with 9\/11\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>With an 86%-90% <a href=\"https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/116500\/Presidential-Approval-Ratings-George-Bush.aspx\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/116500\/Presidential-Approval-Ratings-George-Bush.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">(Gallup)<\/a> approval rating following 9\/11, he had a &#8216;god&#8217; complex<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Wayne Slater<\/strong>, Austin bureau chief for the <em>Dallas Morning News<\/em>, co-wrote <em>Bush&#8217;s Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Bush believes very much in the core ideas of Christianity&#8230;.Now, publicly he&#8217;s very, very wise not to say, &#8220;I&#8217;m God&#8217;s candidate&#8221;&#8230;.Privately, he has said those things. He said he believes that he is God&#8217;s candidate&#8211;that God has chosen him. &#8211;General <\/p>\n<cite><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/pages\/frontline\/shows\/jesus\/president\/spirituality.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/pages\/frontline\/shows\/jesus\/president\/spirituality.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Slater, Wayne<\/a><\/strong>. &#8220;The Spirituality of George W. Bush.&#8221; Frontline.com, 29 April 2004.  <\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Definitions of Rhetoric<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cy Knoblauch<\/strong>: &#8220;the theory and practice of public discourse, the arts of communication, argument, narrative, and persuasion&#8221; (21)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Aristotle<\/strong>: &#8220;Let rhetoric be [defined as] an ability, in each [particular] case, to see the available means of persuasion&#8221; (1.2.1, Kennedy p. 37)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cultural Studies<\/strong>: how meaning is conveyed through concepts, discourse, and artifacts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Rhetoric of the &#8220;Good Guy&#8221;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Manifest Destiny&#8211;ordained by a divine being\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.csub.edu\/~gsantos\/jpgs\/img0061.jpg\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.csub.edu\/~gsantos\/jpgs\/img0061.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John Gast&#8217;s &#8220;American Progress&#8221; (1872)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Military Intervention Good&#8230;if on god&#8217;s side\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>General William &#8220;Jerry&#8221; Boykin in 2003:<br>&#8220;told a church gathering in Sandy, Ore., that foes like bin Laden and Hussein &#8216;will only be defeated if we come against them in the name of Jesus'&#8221; (Thompson)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/watch\/?v=149978516943627\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/watch\/?v=149978516943627\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Major General Thomas Solheim<\/a><\/strong> reflects on Desert Strom 30 years later (10:44.00)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;sacrificed for god and country&#8221; (11:53.00)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;under austere conditions&#8221; and the world&#8217;s most expensive military (11:07.00)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jerry Falwell claims &#8220;The United States Constitution has as its cornerstone the Ten Commandments&#8221; (Winters para. 8)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>American Tautology: Our interventions are always good because we&#8217;re good\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Spiritual fitness in the armed services: &#8220;a basic tenet of spirituality: an individual understanding of and experience with that which transcends the self&#8221; (38).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ndupress.ndu.edu\/Portals\/68\/Documents\/jfq\/jfq-66\/jfq-66_35-41_Sweeney-Rhodes-Boling.pdf?ver=2017-12-06-115617-820\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/ndupress.ndu.edu\/Portals\/68\/Documents\/jfq\/jfq-66\/jfq-66_35-41_Sweeney-Rhodes-Boling.pdf?ver=2017-12-06-115617-820\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">National Defense University Press (2012)<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;An organization that serves a higher purpose and has a moral and ethical culture has the potential to positively influence members\u2019 worldviews, especially concerning purpose, values, and identity.&#8221;<\/p>\n<cite>Sweeney, Patrick J., Jeffrey E. Rhodes, and Bruce Boling. &#8220;Spiritual Fitness: A Key Component of Total Force Fitness.&#8221; <em>Joint Force Quarterly<\/em>, vol. 66, July 2012, p. 40.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Lesson from Billy Graham, Pastor to Presidents<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>George W. Bush claims, &#8220;Graham\u2019s words planted the &#8216;mustard seed in my soul&#8217; that eventually led to a decision to &#8220;recommit my heart to Jesus Christ&#8221; (<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/billygraham.org\/story\/billy-graham-pastor-to-presidents-2\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/billygraham.org\/story\/billy-graham-pastor-to-presidents-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">BGEA Staff<\/a><\/strong>, 2024)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/pages\/frontline\/godinamerica\/interviews\/frank-lambert.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/pages\/frontline\/godinamerica\/interviews\/frank-lambert.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Frank Lambert<\/a><\/strong> notes Billy Graham&#8217;s moralistic rhetoric surrounding communism\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;People like Billy Graham framed the Cold War as a moral conflict. It is evil versus good. It is godless communism versus a God-fearing America.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;&#8230;he was able to cast his message as one of God-fearing America against godless communism.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>William Randolph Hearst &#8220;puffs Graham&#8221; and elevates him on the national stage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;[R]evival of evangelical expectation&#8221; following the Soviets acquiring a nuclear bomb: &#8220;Billy Graham\u2026assailed the Antichrist of godless communism and warned the wayward of the imminence of Armageddon&#8221; (Noble 109).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Orwellian Faith<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cafeteriazation of Religious Beliefs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Double-Think (Orwell 32-33)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The mystical mind is already primed&#8211;through immersion or force&#8211;to be moved by good vs evil narratives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Donald J. Trump pushes the idea he&#8217;s been ordained by god\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/truthsocial.com\/@realDonaldTrump\/posts\/111703421569603715\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/truthsocial.com\/@realDonaldTrump\/posts\/111703421569603715\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Truth Social video<\/a><\/strong> (to 1:30.00): &#8220;on June 14, 1946, God looked down on his planned paradise and said, &#8216;\u2018&#8217;I need a caretaker,&#8217;\u2019 so God gave us Trump.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Many evangelicals believe Trump is ordained by god<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Barry Hankins, historian and expert on evangelicalism:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;[Trump&#8217;s] support has gone from begrudging to enthusiastic. Many evangelicals now see Trump as their champion and defender \u2014 perhaps even savior&#8230;.Unwittingly, in my view, many evangelicals are welcoming authoritarianism and courting blasphemy.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/elections\/2024\/01\/14\/trump-evangelicals-iowa\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/elections\/2024\/01\/14\/trump-evangelicals-iowa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kornfield<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/elections\/2024\/01\/14\/trump-evangelicals-iowa\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/elections\/2024\/01\/14\/trump-evangelicals-iowa\/\">, Meryl et al.<\/a> &#8220;&#8216;Ordained by God&#8217;: Trump&#8217;s Legal Problems Galvanize Iowa Evangelicals.&#8221; <em>The Washington Post<\/em>, 14 Jan. 2024.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>American Exceptionalism<\/strong><s> and Its Limits<\/s><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Republican Party Platform &#8220;Preamble&#8221;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;We believe in American Exceptionalism. We belive the United States of America is unlike any other nation on earth&#8221; (p. 1)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;&#8230;the people, not the government, are the best stewards of our country&#8217;s God-given natural resources.&#8221; (p. 1)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Interestingly, Al Gore, Jr.&#8217;s Earth in the Balance (1992) invokes christian stewardship as a way to protect the environment, but laments that<br>&#8220;critics have gained currency in part because of the prevailing silence with which most denominations have reacted to the growing evidence of an ecological holocaust. Nor does it help that some religious leaders have seemed to encourage environmental recklessness.&#8221; (p. 245)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Seymour Martin Lipset (p. 66)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Discussion of LBJ not infusing moralistic terms surrounding the Vietnam War<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>LBJ feared an anti-communist moralism would fuel a McCarthy-esque witchhunt<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Support for a war is as moralistic as resistance to it. To endorse a war and call on people to kill others and die for the country, Americans must define their role in a conflict as <strong>being on God\u2019s side against Satan<\/strong>\u2013for morality, against evil.<\/p>\n<cite>Lipset, Seymour Martin. <em>American Exceptionalism: A Double-edged Sword<\/em>. Norton, 1997, p. 20.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>American Rationality and Everyone Else<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Immersed in American ideology\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Markets good<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Taxes bad<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consumerism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Economic Rationality\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Utility Maximization: &#8220;The rational actor chooses the action, from among those given, which maximizes utility&#8221; (Simon)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Choose based on self interest<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Knoblauch derives his definition of discourse from Wittgenstein\u2019s (1968) concept of a &#8220;&#8216;language game,&#8217; a system of conventions governing the game\u2019s players (speakers, writers, hearers, readers)&#8221; (21).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ability to predict behavior (for game theory)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Geopolitical Context\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Not doing what the United States claims is &#8220;appropriate&#8221; is irrational<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Officials use the term perjoratively to denote madness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This is different and less powerful, rhetorically, than labeling someone &#8220;evil&#8221;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Axis of Evil: Iran, Iraq, North Korea<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Geroge W. Bush on Saddam Hussein being an &#8220;evil doer&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bush saw into Vladimir Putin&#8217;s soul&#8230;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dallasnews.com\/opinion\/2010\/06\/29\/i-looked-the-man-putin-in-the-eye-and-saw-the-enemy\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.dallasnews.com\/opinion\/2010\/06\/29\/i-looked-the-man-putin-in-the-eye-and-saw-the-enemy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">(Robertson)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As the US&#8217;s irrational actions in Iraq and Afghanistan deepened, Putin wasn&#8217;t on board<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/PutinBush_001.jpg?resize=1500,1096\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/PutinBush_001.jpg?resize=1500,1096\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Putin apparently warned Bush<\/a><\/strong> that a terrorist attack was coming to the United States (Stent)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Irrational Actors<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Terrorists<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>States sponsoring terrorism\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Syria <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/state-sponsors-of-terrorism\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/state-sponsors-of-terrorism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">(US State Department)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Belligerent Leaders and States\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vladimir Putin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kim Jong-il<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Iran supports a variety of &#8220;terrorist&#8221; groups with weapons <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/country-reports-on-terrorism-2021\/iran\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/country-reports-on-terrorism-2021\/iran\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">(US Dept of State)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Irrational Actions<\/strong> (what gets you on the list)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anti-tank weapons, assault rifles, training, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Being allied with Iran <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/country-reports-on-terrorism-2021\/syria\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/country-reports-on-terrorism-2021\/syria\/\">(Syria)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>North Korean &#8220;Concerns&#8221;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Restricting free expression, the press, and the internet, censorship<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Harsh Prison Conditions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Allowing human rights abuses<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Righteousness as Absolute Truth<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Absolutist views of one&#8217;s divine guidance create blinders<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Powerful rhetorical move for those like-minded&#8230;entire political parties<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Preachers, Presidents, Promoters<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bush&#8217;s righteousness blinded him to the calls from religious authorities <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/religion\/2003\/03\/19\/publicationpage-aspxid616\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/religion\/2003\/03\/19\/publicationpage-aspxid616\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">(Pew Research Center)<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>White Christian Nationalism\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Black and Brown groups are &#8220;terrorists&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>White people are &#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/January-6.jpg?resize=1500,1000\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/January-6.jpg?resize=1500,1000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">(Byman)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CONCLUSION<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Definition of state sponsor of terrorism, State Dept Assessment of Cuba<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;For decades, the Cuban government has fed, housed, and provided medical care for murderers, bombmakers, and hijackers, while many Cubans go hungry, homeless, and without basic medicine.&#8221;<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/cu.usembassy.gov\/u-s-announces-designation-of-cuba-as-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cu.usembassy.gov\/u-s-announces-designation-of-cuba-as-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">US Embassy in Cuba.<\/a> &#8220;U.S. Announces Designation of Cuba as a State Sponsor of Terrorism.&#8221; 11 January, 2021.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Works Cited<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Aristotle. <em>On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse<\/em>. 2nd ed. Trans. George A. Kennedy. Oxford, UP: 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cole, Brendan. &#8220;George Bush Reveals Shock at Realizing Prigozhin Served Him: &#8216;I Survived&#8217;.&#8221; <em>Newsweek<\/em>. 11 Sept 2023, https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/bush-prigozhin-russia-ukraine-yaltast-petersburg-1825907<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gast, John. American Progress. 1872. Painting. Chromolithograph created by George A. Crofutt, 1873. http:\/\/loc.gov\/pictures\/resource\/ppmsca.09855\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gore, Al, Jr. <em>Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit<\/em>. Houghton Mifflin, 1992. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Knoblauch, Cy. <em>Discursive Ideologies: Reading Western Rhetoric<\/em>. Utah State UP, 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kornfield, Meryl, Colby Itkowitz, Hannah Knowles, and Marianne LeVine. &#8220;&#8216;Ordained by God&#8217;: Trump&#8217;s Legal Problems Galvanize Iowa Evangelicals. <em>The Washington Post<\/em>, 14 Jan. 2024, https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/elections\/2024\/01\/14\/trump-evangelicals-iowa\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lipset, Seymour Martin. <em>American Exceptionalism: A Double-edged Sword<\/em>. Norton, 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moore, James and Wayne Slater. <em>Bush&#8217;s Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush<\/em>. Wiley, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Noble, David F. <em>The Religion of Technology: The Divinity of Man and the Spirit of Invention<\/em>. Penguin, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Orwell, George.&nbsp;<em>1984<\/em>. The New American Library of World Literature, 1961.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pew Research Center. 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Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. <em>2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Democratic People&#8217;s Republic of Korea<\/em>. https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/north-korea\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Counterterrorism. <em>Country Reports on Terrorism 2021: Syria<\/em>. https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/country-reports-on-terrorism-2021\/syria\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Winters, Michael Sean. &#8220;How the Ghost of Jerry Falwell Conquered the Republican Party.&#8221; <em>The New Republic<\/em>, 5 March 2012, https:\/\/newrepublic.com\/article\/101296\/falwell-gop-winters<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Original Title: The Rhetoric of World Dominance: American Culture and Interventionist SlogansMore-Suited Title: The Rhetoric of Saviors: American Ideology and ImperialismSettled Title: The Cold War Never Ended (or Maybe It Just Paused) Scope of the Presentation Interventionist Statements in Recent History Unpacking the Rhetorical Layers in the Above Statements Wayne Slater, Austin bureau chief for [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":598,"featured_media":0,"parent":7407,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10721","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P2HAOx-2MV","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10721","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/598"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10721"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10721\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11323,"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10721\/revisions\/11323"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7407"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10721"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}