{"id":12826,"date":"2026-09-25T17:42:43","date_gmt":"2026-09-25T21:42:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/?page_id=12826"},"modified":"2026-09-28T21:52:08","modified_gmt":"2026-09-29T01:52:08","slug":"week07-constitution","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/amdm2026\/week07-constitution\/","title":{"rendered":"Week #7: The Constitution and Bill of Rights"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/founding-docs\/constitution-transcript\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Constitution of the United States<\/a><\/strong> (National Archives)<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:post-content -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading -->\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Announcements<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"background-color: yellow\">Midterm Exam next Thursday, 10\/08<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\r\n<li>Discussion Post #5 due Friday, 10\/02, 11:07pm<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item \/--><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading -->\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Plan for the Day<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Heads Up on Class Fun!<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Madison, James. The Constitution of the United States<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><strong>federalism<\/strong>, <strong>preemption<\/strong>, <strong>separation of powers<\/strong>, <strong>judicial review<\/strong>, and <strong>checks &amp; balances<\/strong> <!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/amdm2026\/week07-constitution\/billofrights\/\"><strong>The Bill of Rights<\/strong><\/a> (notes)<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Democracy\/Liberty\/Freedom\/ETC. quotation: <strong><span style=\"background-color: yellow\">Getting to the actual source<\/span><\/strong><!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Below is the &#8220;typical&#8221; excerpt of today&#8217;s quotation from James Madison: &#8220;The advancement and diffusion of knowledge\u2026is the only guardian of true liberty.&#8221;<br \/>&#8211;letter to George Thomson, 30 June 1825, <em>Letters and other Writings of James Madison<\/em> (1865) vol. 3 [c.f. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfordreference.com\/display\/10.1093\/acref\/9780191826719.001.0001\/q-oro-ed4-00006987\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oxford Reference<\/a>]<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>The full excerpt is this: &#8220;Your old friend, Mr. Jefferson, still lives, and will close his illustrious career by bequeathing to his Country <strong>a magnificent Institute for the advancement and diffusion of knowledge; which is the only Guardian of true liberty<\/strong>, the great cause to which his life has been devoted.&#8221;<br \/>&#8211;Madison, James. Letter to George Thomson. 30 June 1825.&#8221; <em>Letters and other Writings of James Madison: Fourth President of the United States<\/em>. vol. 3, R. Worthington, 1884, pp. 490-492. (1865) vol. 3<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>The &#8220;Institute&#8221; is the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.virginia.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">University of Virginia<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>What&#8217;s lost in the full quotation?<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:table -->\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\r\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Abridged Excerpt<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Full Excerpt<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>&#8220;The advancement and diffusion of knowledge\u2026is the only guardian of true liberty.&#8221;<\/td>\r\n<td>&#8220;Your old friend, Mr. Jefferson, still lives, and will close his illustrious career by bequeathing to his Country <strong>a magnificent Institute for the advancement and diffusion of knowledge; which is the only Guardian of true liberty<\/strong>, the great cause to which his life has been devoted.&#8221;<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading \/-->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading -->\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Rhetorical Approach<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n<p>It&#8217;s time to reiterate how we&#8217;re approaching this document. This rhetorical approach looks for the messages of the text as they relate to broader American ideals, themes, values, etc.&#8211;ideology or, more specifically, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/hegemony\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">hegemony<\/a><\/strong>. This is NOT the historical, political science, and Constitutional scholarship approaches we would expect in a legal studies context.<\/p>\r\n<p>Several of you might aspire to practice law, so you&#8217;ll dive deeper into the legal rulings based on constitutional interpretations over the Nation&#8217;s history. If you want a preview into the law, I recommend our <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/legalstudies.charlotte.edu\/areas-emphasis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Legal Studies Minor<\/a><\/strong>. Also, if you plan to be a (good) attorney or judge, I highly recommend honing your debate skills, and I have just the activity for you: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/charlotte-debate\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Charlotte Debate Team!<\/a><\/strong> The last two times I interacted with lawyers, they shut down the conversation because they weren&#8217;t able to deny the merits of my arguments. This level of rhetorical prowess can be taught, and it&#8217;s been practiced for thousands of years, and it is AI-proof.<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading -->\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Map of the 13 Original Colonies<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n<p>Take a look at the shape of Colonial and &#8220;post-Colonial&#8221; America<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/etc.usf.edu\/maps\/pages\/2600\/2685\/2685.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The 13 Original colonies<\/a><\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2e\/United_States_1789-08-1790.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&amp;utm_campaign=index&amp;utm_content=original\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>United States, circa 1790<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Articles I-VI of the Constitution<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n<p>We&#8217;ll cover the Bill of Rights (Amendments I-X) and select Amendments over the next two classes. For now, let&#8217;s focus on the Articles to locate any values they seem to convey to readers. Also, <strong>specifically consider the 1808 sunset clauses<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} -->\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Preamble<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n<p>Consider the rhetorical strategies of the following line in relation to our other texts:<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>&#8220;&#8230;establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare,&#8221;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>&#8220;and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} -->\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Article I: The Legislature<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Notice that it starts by defining the Legislative Branch<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Section 2<\/span>: &#8220;The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year <strong>by the People of the several States<\/strong>&#8230;&#8221;<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>All the People? Consider the idea of <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/suffrage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">suffrage<\/a><\/strong>, being franchised to vote.<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>What about Senators?<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Decennial census<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Establish a Congressional journal&#8230;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/congressional-record\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the <em>Congressional Record<\/em><\/a><!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Jump to Article I, sec. 10<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Impeachment power lies with the House of Representatives; Senate holds Impeachment trials<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Section 4<\/span>: &#8220;<strong><span style=\"background-color: yellow\">The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections<\/span><\/strong> for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in <strong>each State by the Legislature<\/strong> thereof; <strong>but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations<\/strong>, except [in choosing] Senators.&#8221;\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Let&#8217;s pause on <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/manner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">manner<\/a><\/strong>. Which definition fits here?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Section 6<\/span>: Senators or Representatives cannot be arrested going to and from the Capitol.<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Section 7<\/span>: &#8220;All Bills for <strong>raising Revenue<\/strong> shall originate in the House of Representatives&#8230;&#8221;<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Passing laws<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Presidential vetoes<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Section 8<\/span>: Taxes, Tariffs, Defense, and General Welfare<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>&#8220;<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts<\/span><\/strong>, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;&#8221;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Militias, bases, and barracks<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Section 9<\/span>: &#8220;The Migration or Importation of such Persons&#8230;<strong>shall not be prohibited<\/strong> by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight&#8221; (1808&#8211;about 20 years after drafting the Constitution)<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>First clause: &#8220;The Migration or Importation&#8230;exceeding ten dollars for each Person.&#8221;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Fourth clause: &#8220;No Capitation, or other direct, Tax&#8230;directed to be taken.&#8221;<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><strong>Article V<\/strong> has language &#8220;sunsetting&#8221; these two clauses<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>What can be said about this language and what was going on among the drafters of the Constitution?<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Special vocabulary: (more information from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.annenbergclassroom.org\/article-i-section-9\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Annenberg Guide to the United States Constitution<\/a>)<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><em>Habeas Corpus<\/em>: law enforcement must explain why they &#8220;have a body,&#8221; the prisoner; therefore, the <em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Habeas_corpus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">writ of habeas corpus<\/a><\/strong><\/em> means law enforcement must explain to the courts why someone is being held.<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><em>Bill of Attainder<\/em>: declaring someone or group guilty without a trial.<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><em>Ex post facto Law<\/em>: passing a law that condemns people who did things in the past that are now illegal. *Compare to the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>post hoc ergo propter hoc<\/em> logical fallacy<\/a><\/strong> **Nothing to do with your &#8220;ex&#8221; and the legal system&#8230;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>&#8220;No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>The Foreign Emoluments Clause&#8211;no gifts<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Section 10: Preserving the Union<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>&#8220;No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><em>Letters of Marque and Reprisal<\/em>: authorization to attack vessels at sea<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Think of it as a &#8220;hall pass&#8221; that designates you a privateer; without it, you&#8217;re a <strong>pirate<\/strong>!<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>&#8220;<strong>No State shall<\/strong>, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, <strong>enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power<\/strong>, or engage in War&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} -->\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Article II: The Executive<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>&#8220;Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors&#8230;&#8221;<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>For the first half of my life, winning the Electoral College but losing the Popular Vote was mainly a theoretical discussion of a past &#8220;issue&#8221;. During the second half of my life, it&#8217;s been a not uncommon result.<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>President can&#8217;t get a raise during the term<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>&#8220;Oath of Affirmation:&#8211;&#8216;I do solemnly swear (or affirm)&#8217;&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Section 2<\/span>: Appointments and Pardons<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Section 4<\/span>: &#8220;&#8230;<strong>Impeachment<\/strong> for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.&#8221;<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>The Framers specifically left out &#8220;maladministration&#8221; (which some State constitutions had) as an Impeachable offense (<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.congress.gov\/browse\/essay\/artII-S4-4-2\/ALDE_00000699\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Constitution Annotated<\/a>).<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Why?<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>&#8220;The Framers were determined to limit the grounds on which an officer could be impeached in order to safeguard another constitutional principle: <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">the separation of powers&#8221;<\/span><\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/constitutioncenter.org\/the-constitution\/articles\/article-ii\/clauses\/349\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Neil J. Kinkopf<\/a>)<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} -->\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Article III: The Judiciary<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Section 1<\/span>: Supreme Court<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Section 2<\/span>: &#8220;The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Section 3: Penalty for Treason<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>&#8220;<strong>&#8216;Corruption of blood&#8217;<\/strong> is a reference to English common law, which <strong>prohibited family members from\u2014among other things\u2014receiving or inheriting property from a person convicted of treason.<\/strong> Under the Constitution, that punishment may not extend beyond the life of the person convicted of treason&#8221; (<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/constitutioncenter.org\/the-constitution\/articles\/article-iiI\/clauses\/39\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Paul T. Crane<\/a><\/strong>).<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} -->\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Article IV: The States<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Section 1<\/span>: &#8220;<strong>Full Faith and Credit<\/strong> shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State.&#8221;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Section 2<\/span>: Must give citizens of other States fundamental rights&#8230;but you can make them pay more&#8230;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Section 4<\/span>: &#8220;The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union <strong>a Republican Form of Government<\/strong>, and shall protect each of them against Invasion&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} -->\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Article V: The Amendments<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Two-thirds and three-fourths<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>&#8220;&#8230;Provided that no Amendment which may be made <strong>prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight<\/strong> [1808] shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article;&#8221;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>&#8220;&#8230;and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.&#8221;<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">They wanted to balance States&#8217; power<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} -->\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Article VI: Oaths and Stuff<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>Superseding the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Articles_of_Confederation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Articles of Confederation<\/a><\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Dickinson\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">John Dickinson<\/a>, chief writer)<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>&#8220;&#8230;bound by Oath or Affirmation&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>&#8220;&#8230;but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.&#8221;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} -->\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Article VII: Ratification<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:list -->\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\r\n<li>&#8220;&#8230;by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven [<strong>9\/17\/1787<\/strong>] and of the Independance of the United States of America the Twelfth&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\r\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n<p>Now, States need to get to ratifying, so they can have &#8220;bragging rights&#8221; on their license plates and coins!<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading \/-->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:separator --><hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Works Cited<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n<p>Crane, Paul T. &#8220;Common Interpretation.&#8221; The National Constitution Center, <a href=\"https:\/\/constitutioncenter.org\/the-constitution\/articles\/article-iiI\/clauses\/39\">https:\/\/constitutioncenter.org\/the-constitution\/articles\/article-iiI\/clauses\/39<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n<p>Kinkopf, Neil J. &#8220;The Scope of the Impeachment Power: What are &#8216;High Crimes and Misdemeanors&#8217;?.&#8221; The National Constitution Center, <a href=\"https:\/\/constitutioncenter.org\/the-constitution\/articles\/article-ii\/clauses\/349\">https:\/\/constitutioncenter.org\/the-constitution\/articles\/article-ii\/clauses\/349<\/a>.<\/p><!-- \/wp:paragraph -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Constitution of the United States (National Archives) Announcements Midterm Exam next Thursday, 10\/08 Discussion Post #5 due Friday, 10\/02, 11:07pm Plan for the Day Heads Up on Class Fun! Madison, James. The Constitution of the United States federalism, preemption, separation of powers, judicial review, and checks &amp; balances The Bill of Rights (notes) Democracy\/Liberty\/Freedom\/ETC. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":598,"featured_media":0,"parent":12726,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12826","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P2HAOx-3kS","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12826","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/598"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12826"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12826\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12839,"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12826\/revisions\/12839"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12726"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12826"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}