{"id":10238,"date":"2023-10-04T12:02:09","date_gmt":"2023-10-04T16:02:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/?page_id=10238"},"modified":"2023-10-04T13:25:30","modified_gmt":"2023-10-04T17:25:30","slug":"engl4183-5183october04","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/engl4183-5183fall2023\/engl4183-5183october04\/","title":{"rendered":"October 4th: Form and Function"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\">Remember, Homework #3 is due before class at 6:00pm on Canvas.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Plan for the Lesson<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nominalizations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ch. 5: Choosing Adverbials<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Review #1<\/strong> Comments on Canvas&#8211;don&#8217;t forget the annotations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Homework #3<\/strong> Review on Canvas will open up after class<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Overall Midterm Grades<\/strong>: Those of you with grades below 70% will get a Midterm grade sometime next week but before the Friday, 10\/13, Noon deadline (Note to self: You really can&#8217;t miss <strong><span style=\"background-color: #FFFF00\">this Friday the 13th deadline<\/span><\/strong> again).\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If you&#8217;re missing any assignments, you&#8217;ll receive an &#8216;F&#8217; as a Midterm grade.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Nominalizations<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Something I noticed in your reviews was the heavy use of <strong>nominalizations<\/strong>. That&#8217;s a fancy way of saying you&#8217;re trapping useful verbs in noun forms. We&#8217;ll discuss this at greater length later in the semester, but it will be part of your <strong>Midterm Exam<\/strong> next week (10\/05), so I want to introduce it here. What do the following words have in common?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Determination<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Confirmation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Speculation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compliance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>You&#8217;ll notice the first three word end in <em>-tion<\/em>, and you might recall (make a recollection) past professors asking you to limit <em>shun <\/em>words (this is a pun on <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/shun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">shun<\/a><\/strong>&#8211;ha! Love the rhyme). Your goal is to free the trapped verbs in these nominalizations. You can revise the above nouns to be the following active verbs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-6ed5db31-d5df-4a4b-9837-453babc24a18\">\n<li>Determination \u2192 determine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Confirmation \u2192 confirm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Speculation \u2192 speculate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compliance \u2192 comply<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Often, these nominalizations come in passive voice constructions, so you have a couple strategies to employ to make your prose sing. Consider the following sentence and its revision:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Original:<\/strong> In this case a determination of your negligence has been made by us.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Revision:<\/strong> We\u2019ve determined your negligence in this case.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Even better:<\/strong> You&#8217;re negligent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>While I have your ear, make sure you pay close attention to dangling modifiers (pp. 87-88). Although they can be punctuated correctly, they can also sound illogical. For instance, the following sentence is a contemporary example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>While streaming Netflix, my cat hopped into my lap.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>It may be possible for your cat to stream Netflix; after all, what creature &#8220;chills&#8221; more than a cat? You&#8217;ll want to revise to have <strong><em>you<\/em><\/strong> as the subject of the adverbial clause (or the person actually streaming Netflix):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>While <em>I was<\/em> streaming Netflix, my cat hopped into my lap.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Notice that in the above revision &#8216;I&#8217; is the subject of the adverbial clause and NOT the sentence. &#8220;Cat&#8221; is the subject of the sentence. Remember, &#8220;my&#8221; is the determiner for the noun phrase &#8220;my cat,&#8221; and &#8220;cat&#8221; is the headword. If this is confusing, you need to review pp. 8-9 in Kolln &amp; Gray and probably all of Ch. 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Independent Clauses<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In Ch. 4, p. 56, Kolln &amp; Gray defined independent clauses. Independent clauses may be stand-alone sentences with the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Subject<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Verb<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Complete thought<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>On the next page, Kolln &amp; Gray state, <strong><span style=\"color: red\">&#8220;Use a comma before the coordinating conjunction joining the two independent clauses of a compound sentence.&#8221;<\/span><\/strong> (p. 57). You don&#8217;t use commas before the FANBOYS (<em>for<\/em>, <em>or<\/em>, <em>nor<\/em>, <em>but<\/em>, <em>or<\/em>, <em>yet<\/em>, <em>so<\/em>) unless they&#8217;re joining independent clauses. Make sure you understand why the following sentences are punctuated correctly:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The kids played outdoors all morning but stayed inside all afternoon.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The kids&nbsp;played&nbsp;outdoors all morning, but they&nbsp;stayed&nbsp;inside all afternoon.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In the second sentence, &#8220;they&#8221; is the subject of the second independent clause, so it needs a comma before &#8220;but.&#8221; If it helps, separate the subjects of the independent clauses in your head. Below &#8220;kids&#8221; and &#8220;they&#8221; are the subjects:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>kids<\/strong>&nbsp;played&nbsp;outdoors all morning, but <strong>they<\/strong>&nbsp;stayed&nbsp;inside all afternoon.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Commas with coordinating conjunctions will be important for the rest of the semester. Yes, this will be on <em>both<\/em> the <strong>Exam #2<\/strong> <em>and<\/em> the <strong>Final Exam<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ch. 5: Choosing Adverbials<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Adverbs modify verbs, and adverbials modify the functions of adverbs and other words. They often answer when, where, how (frequency and manner), and why. As with adverbs, adverbials are the most movable words, phrases, and clauses in sentences. While it\u2019s important to know how to properly punctuate these clauses, it\u2019s more important to understand how placement creates a rhetorical effect. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I hope you re-read Ch. 5 in Kolln &amp; Gray and did all the exercises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Adverb Phrases (AdvP)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Don\u2019t be fooled by the word \u201cphrases\u201d when talking about parts of speech or parts of sentences; a single word can be a \u201cphrase.\u201d Using the following adjectives, create logical adverbs for the following sentences:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Adjectives: serious, skillful, slow, lucky, drastic<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Italian quiz caused me pain.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Italian quiz <span style=\"background-color: #FFFF00\">seriously<\/span> caused me pain.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"background-color: #FFFF00\">Seriously,<\/span> the Italian quiz caused me pain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>My trip to Las Vegas was a winner!\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"background-color: #FFFF00\">Luckily<\/span>, my trip to Las Vegas was a winner!<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Full disclosure: My last trip to Vegas was NOT a lucky trip.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>My boss is making changes.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>My boss is <span style=\"background-color: #FFFF00\">drastically<\/span> making changes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>My cat navigates my counters, dressers, and dining room table.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>My cat <span style=\"background-color: #FFFF00\">skillfully<\/span> navigates my counters, dressers, and tables.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>People from South Carolina drive.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>People from South Carolina drive <span style=\"background-color: #FFFF00\">slowly<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Prepositional Phrases<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I\u2019m confident that you can easily identify prepositional phrases, but, after reading your Reviews, I\u2019m not sure I\u2019m confident that you wisely place prepositional phrases. On p. 79, Kolln &amp; Gray mention they may be used to show possession (which is the way other languages\u2014French, Italian, and Spanish\u2014show possession). Read the following and explain why one is preferred over the other or whether it matters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Shakespeare\u2019s plays garnered the crowd\u2019s laughter opening night.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>On opening night, the plays of Shakespeare garnered laughter from the crowd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Don\u2019t try to eliminate ALL preposition phrases (as the first example does), but use them strategically. For instance, notice where the stress is on certain words when you consider end focus (p. 80).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"background-color: #FFFF00\">Every single one of you should review p. 14 in Kolln &amp; Gray to refresh your memories on what the main prepositions are.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Verb Phrases<\/strong>*<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Verb or verbal phrases are quite common when giving advice, explaining habitually actions, and providing context for why something was done. (this isn\u2019t in Kolln &amp; Gray&#8217;s book, but I think it helps understand why we often use them). For instance,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Jack got up early that morning to work on his project.<br>{Jack did something to do something.}<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jack gets up early in the morning to work out.<br>{Jack routinely does this particular activity.}<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To train for a marathon, Jacks needs a morning workout ritual\/program. <br>{Jack\u2019s advice to himself.}<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Notice where to place commas in these infinitive phrases (p. 81).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>to work<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>to work out*<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>to train<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>*Notice I selected <em>to work out<\/em>. In this instance, &#8220;work out&#8221; is the entire verb, and &#8220;out&#8221; is actually a verb particle&#8211;not a preposition. Technically, &#8220;to&#8221; is also a verb particle because it&#8217;s the infinitive particle and not a preposition. Remember, a word can be a variety of parts of speech. Use context clues to determine what&#8217;s what.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Dependent Clauses<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as complete sentences.<\/span><\/span> Often, writers punctuate dependent clauses with periods (.) because they see a subject and verb, but they forget a sentence needs <em>a complete thought<\/em>. When I see this in your work, I will often write \u201cnot a sentence.\u201d I like that Kolln &amp; Gray dispel the myth that you can\u2019t start a sentence with \u201cbecause,\u201d and they even point out teachers took the easy way out by just banning its use as an opener instead of explaining it further (p. 86). Remember, coordinating conjunctions combine independent clauses, creating compound sentences. Subordinating clauses add more information to independent clauses, creating complex sentences. This often helps vary your prose, moving from choppy, short sentences to rhythmic, longer sentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Of course, intentional fragments can be effective. Sparingly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Not-So-Complete Thoughts<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Notice the following incomplete thoughts. I&#8217;ve bolded the subjects and underlined the verbs, but these can&#8217;t stand alone as complete sentences:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>After my <strong>parents<\/strong> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">departed<\/span> for vacation.<br>There&#8217;s no complete thought: this is just an adverbial clause and can&#8217;t stand on its own.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Before <strong>they<\/strong> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">go<\/span> to bed at night.<br>This one also isn&#8217;t a complete thought but just an adverbial clause.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>helicopter<\/strong> hovering over the roof.<br>In Ch. 6, you&#8217;ll learn about participial phrases like <em>hovering over the roof<\/em>. Without adding is, &#8220;hovering&#8221; isn&#8217;t a complete verb, so this phrase has a subject, no complete verb, and no complete thought.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Over the bridge near the general store.<br>This has no subject and no verb and no complete thought.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Complete Thoughts<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Below are possible revisions to make the previous phrases complete sentences. I haven&#8217;t marked the subjects and verbs, but can you find them?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>After my parents departed for vacation, my sisters and I threw an enormous party.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Before they go to bed at night, the family always lowers their American flag.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The helicopter is hovering over the roof.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Over the bridge near the general store,<strong>*<\/strong> you will find an historical marker.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>*<\/strong>Our closed punctuation style goal asks you to use more punctuation than the open style. The above opening prepositional phrase should have a comma, and Kolln &amp; Gray (along with many other style guides) use commas for opening prepositional phrases when the phrase is 6 or more words (see p. 234&#8230;or wait a month until we get there). I tend to use commas for all opening prepositional phrases. The lesson here is that you need to make a choice and <span style=\"background-color: #FFFF00\"><em>be consistent<\/em><\/span>. Also, don&#8217;t confuse this standard with the absolutely necessary comma after an opening adverbial clause.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ch. 5 Exercises<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Homework #3<\/strong> is to do the exercises (#17, #18, and #19) from Ch. 5 in Kolln &amp; Gray. These exercises reinforce what you&#8217;re reading. Below I have an example related to Exercise #17 (pp. 83-84):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>When a party ends, what do you do?<br>{go home, go to another\u2019s home, find an after hours place, go to jail, etc.}<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Revision:<\/strong> After the party ended at midnight, we went to Waffle House.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If all goes according to plan, I will have shared a <strong>Google Doc<\/strong> with you right before class. Let&#8217;s open that up and do those exercises together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Comments and Annotations on Review #1<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>I finished commenting on all of your Review #1 assignments. It has no grade because it is a an assignment you&#8217;ll revise for your final portfolio. Everyone has revision to do, so don\u2019t let the amount of commenting scare you (too much). Re-read the assignment guidelines. <strong><span style=\"background-color: #FFFF00\">Also, and this is VERY important, please notice that I offer summative comments AND annotations. In order to read all my feedback, you might have to scroll right on your Canvas submission. If you don&#8217;t see my overall comments AND the annotations, you&#8217;re missing my entire feedback.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Please follow my suggests closely. Although you don&#8217;t have to incorporate everything, you&#8217;ll need to explain why you made the choices you did in your Final Portfolio&#8217;s reflective letter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Next Class<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep up with the syllabus reading. Notice that your last graded homework, <strong>Homework #4, will be due next class (10\/11) before 6:00pm<\/strong>. The syllabus claims 11:00pm, but that&#8217;s a copy+paste error, which is actually a lesson for you in editing with digital technologies. If all goes according to plan, I&#8217;ll try to highlight some stuff from Barrett&#8217;s book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a heads up, your Review #2 is due in two weeks: Wednesday, 10\/18, 6:00pm.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Remember, Homework #3 is due before class at 6:00pm on Canvas. Plan for the Lesson Nominalizations Something I noticed in your reviews was the heavy use of nominalizations. That&#8217;s a fancy way of saying you&#8217;re trapping useful verbs in noun forms. We&#8217;ll discuss this at greater length later in the semester, but it will be [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":598,"featured_media":0,"parent":10057,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10238","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P2HAOx-2F8","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10238","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/598"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10238"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10238\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10242,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10238\/revisions\/10242"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10057"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10238"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}