{"id":12118,"date":"2025-10-01T17:35:30","date_gmt":"2025-10-01T21:35:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/?page_id=12118"},"modified":"2025-10-02T13:36:08","modified_gmt":"2025-10-02T17:36:08","slug":"amdm2025october02","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/amdm2025\/amdm2025october02\/","title":{"rendered":"October 2nd: Federalist Paper #78"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">Discussion Post #5\u2013Due Friday, 10\/03, 11:07 pm<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Plan for the Day<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><span style=\"background-color:red\">Midterm Exam&#8211;Tuesday, 10\/07<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fall Break&#8211;10\/09-10\/10<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/amdm2025\/amdm2025september30\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Jump back to Federalist Paper #51<\/strong> (9\/30&#8217;s class)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Federalist Paper #78<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/topicstoanalyze\/logical-fallacies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Logical Fallacies<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;(specific ones for our Federalist Paper discussions)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ad hominem<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>false authority<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>false dilemma (either-or fallacy)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>naturalistic fallacy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>post hoc ergo propter hoc\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Literally, &#8220;after this, therefore, because of this.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Democracy\/Liberty\/Freedom\/ETC. quotation:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, selfappointed, or elective, may justly be pronounced the very definition of <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">tyranny<\/span><\/strong>.&#8221;<br>\u2014James Madison. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guides.loc.gov\/federalist-papers\/text-41-50#s-lg-box-wrapper-25493412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Federalist Paper #47<\/a><\/strong>. 1 Feb 2025, para. 2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Potential cold openning: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/HTzGMEfbnAw?t=125\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Juice Newton &#8220;Angel Of The Morning&#8221;<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Hamilton, Federalist #78<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This essay&#8217;s title is &#8220;The Judiciary Department,&#8221; so, obviously, it&#8217;s going to discuss the courts. How about some questions at the top:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How are judges important to American Democracy?\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Consider the fact that judges are elite, specialized professionals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>We elect some types of judges in North Carolina&#8211;including the NC Supreme Court.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do you think we should elect all or most judges? Term limits?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Did you know that there&#8217;s a <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Court_of_Russia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Supreme Court of the Russian Federation<\/a><\/strong>?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This might seem too obvious a question, but why are so many politicians lawyers?\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lawyers are &#8220;a mere <strong>0.4%<\/strong> of the voting-age population&#8221;;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;[they] accounted for <strong>39% of the seats in the House<\/strong> and <strong>56% of seats in the Senate<\/strong> in the 115th Congress,&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/115th_United_States_Congress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">which met 2017-2019<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;Relative to the average citizen, <strong>millionaires are approximately 10 times<\/strong> more likely to be elected to Congress. <strong>Lawyers, by comparison, are nearly 100 times<\/strong> more likely to be elected to Congress.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;By comparison, lawyer-legislators account for just 13% of the UK Parliament. The percentages are similar for <strong>other nations that inherited the English Commonwealth system of law<\/strong>. Canada, New Zealand, and Australia are at 15%, 14%, and 13%, respectively. The percentages for France, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, and Japan are much lower, ranging from 2% to 6%.&#8221;<br>&#8211;Bonica, Adam. &#8220;Why Are There So Many Lawyers in Congress? <em>Legislative Studies Quarterly<\/em>, vol. 45, no. 2, May 2020, pp. 253-290. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/lsq.12265\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/lsq.12265<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Compare to para. 22 of Federalist #78 {way down at the bottom of this page}<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Alexis de Tocqueville (remember him), had this observation from his <em>Democracy in America<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>In America there are no nobles or men of letters, and the people is apt to mistrust the wealthy; lawyers consequently form the highest political class, and the most cultivated circle of society. They have therefore <strong>nothing to gain by innovation, which adds a conservative interest to their natural taste for public order<\/strong>. If I were asked where I place <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">the American aristocracy<\/span><\/strong>, I should reply without hesitation that it is not composed of the rich, who are united together by no common tie, but that <strong>it occupies the judicial bench and the bar<\/strong>.<br>&#8211;de Tocqueville, Alexis. &#8220;Causes Mitigating Tyranny In The United States,&#8221; Book I, Chapter XVI, <em>Democracy in America<\/em>. 1835, para. 27. {<a href=\"https:\/\/www.contextus.org\/Tocqueville%2C_Democracy_in_America_(1835)%2C_Book_I%2C_Chapter_XVI_Causes_Mitigating_Tyranny_In_The_United_States_(Part_I)?ven=Gutenberg&amp;lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">online version<\/a>}<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Specific quotations from Federalist #78:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>para. 6:<\/strong> &#8220;&#8230;all judges who may be appointed by the United States are to hold their offices DURING GOOD BEHAVIOR; which is conformable to the most approved of the State constitutions and among the rest, to that of this State.&#8221;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;The standard of good behavior for the continuance in office of the judicial magistracy, is certainly <strong>one of the most valuable of the modern improvements in the practice of government<\/strong>.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;In a monarchy it is an excellent barrier to the despotism of the prince; <strong>in a republic<\/strong> it is a no less excellent barrier to the <strong>encroachments<\/strong> and <strong>oppressions<\/strong> of the representative body.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>para. 7:<\/strong> &#8220;<strong>the judiciary<\/strong>&#8230;<strong>will always be the least dangerous to the political rights of the Constitution<\/strong>; because it will be least in a capacity to annoy or injure them.&#8221;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;<strong>The Executive<\/strong> not only dispenses the honors, but holds the sword of the community. <strong>The legislature<\/strong> not only commands the purse, but prescribes the rules by which the duties and rights of every citizen are to be regulated. <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">The judiciary<\/span><\/strong>, on the contrary, has no influence over either the sword or the purse&#8230;<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">It may truly be said to have neither FORCE nor WILL, but merely judgment<\/span><\/strong>&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>But if you&#8217;re on the wrong end of a judge&#8217;s ruling&#8230;it could be pretty dangerous.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>para. 8:<\/strong> &#8220;&#8230;though individual oppression may now and then proceed from the courts of justice, the general liberty of the people can never be endangered from that quarter&#8230;&#8221;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;&#8230;<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">liberty can have nothing to fear from the judiciary alone,<\/span><\/strong> but would have every thing to fear from its union with either of the other departments&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>para. 9:<\/strong> &#8220;The complete independence of the courts of justice is peculiarly essential in a <strong>limited Constitution<\/strong>. By a limited Constitution&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>para. 10:<\/strong> &#8220;It is urged that the authority which can declare the acts of another void, must necessarily be superior to the one whose acts may be declared void.&#8221;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yikes! That&#8217;s some confusing prose.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Translation<\/em><\/strong>: A branch that can void the rulings of another is superior.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>para. 11:<\/strong> &#8220;<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">No legislative act, therefore, contrary to the Constitution, can be valid.<\/span><\/strong> To deny this, would be to affirm, that the deputy is greater than his principal; that the servant is above his master; that the representatives of the people are superior to the people themselves; that men acting by virtue of powers, may do not only what their powers do not authorize, but what they forbid.&#8221;\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The prose above has a philosopher&#8217;s style. It uses logic to show the chain of reasoning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>para. 12:<\/strong> &#8220;It is not otherwise to be supposed, that the Constitution could intend to enable the representatives of the people to substitute their WILL to that of their constituents.&#8221;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;A constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;&#8230;<strong>the Constitution ought to be preferred to the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">statute<\/span>, the intention of the people to the intention of their agents.<\/strong>&#8220;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>para. 13<\/strong>: &#8220;<strong>[The judges] ought to regulate their decisions by the fundamental laws<\/strong>, rather than by those which are not fundamental.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>para. 14<\/strong>: &#8220;&#8230;two statutes existing at one time, clashing in whole or in part with each other&#8230;it is the province of the courts to liquidate and fix their meaning and operation.&#8221;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">PRECEDENT<\/span><\/strong>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;The rule which has obtained in the courts for determining their relative validity is, that the last in order of time shall be preferred to the first.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;It is a rule&#8230;adopted by themselves, as consonant to truth and propriety, for the direction of their conduct as interpreters of the law.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;&#8230;between the interfering acts of an EQUAL authority, that which was the last indication of its will should have the preference.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>No Activist Judges<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>para. 16<\/strong>: &#8220;The courts must declare the sense of the law; and if they should be disposed to exercise WILL instead of JUDGMENT, the consequence would equally be the substitution of their pleasure to that of the legislative body.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>para. 17<\/strong>: &#8220;If, then, the courts of justice are to be considered as the bulwarks of a limited Constitution against legislative encroachments&#8230;<strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">the permanent tenure of judicial offices<\/span><\/strong>&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>para. 18<\/strong>: &#8220;&#8230;.<strong>fundamental principle of republican government<\/strong>&#8230;the right of the people to alter or abolish the established Constitution, whenever they find it inconsistent with their <strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">happiness<\/span><\/strong>&#8230;&#8221;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;the established form, it is binding upon themselves collectively, as well as individually&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>And what kind of happiness does he mean?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What other &#8220;legal agreements&#8221; can be abolished, thankfully, when inconsistent with one&#8217;s happiness (in all senses of that definition)?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>para. 19<\/strong>: <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">The judiciary should moderate the &#8220;ill <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/humor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">humors<\/a> in the society&#8221;<\/span><\/strong> and avoid &#8220;the injury of the private rights of particular classes of citizens, by unjust and partial laws.&#8221;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><strong>humor<\/strong><\/em> in this case means &#8220;characteristic or habitual disposition or bent : temperament&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;&#8230;it operates as a <strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">check<\/span><\/strong> upon the legislative body in passing them&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;The benefits of the integrity and moderation of the judiciary have already been felt in more States than one; and though they may have displeased those whose sinister expectations they may have disappointed, <strong>they must have commanded the esteem and applause of all the virtuous and disinterested<\/strong>.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;Considerate men&#8221; know their positions of power might change in the future.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>para. 20<\/strong>: <strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">Judges need permanent tenure because you don&#8217;t want them beholden to a different branch.<\/span><\/strong>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;<strong>That inflexible and uniform adherence to the rights of the Constitution<\/strong>, and of individuals, which we perceive to be indispensable in the courts of justice, <strong>can certainly not be expected from judges who hold their offices by a <span style=\"background-color:yellow\">temporary commission<\/span>.<\/strong> Periodical appointments, however regulated, or by whomsoever made, would, in some way or other, be fatal to their necessary independence.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;<strong>If the power of making them was committed either to the Executive or legislature, there would be danger of an improper complaisance to the branch which possessed it<\/strong>&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>para. 21<\/strong>: &#8220;&#8230;a voluminous code of laws is one of the inconveniences necessarily connected with the advantages of a free government. To avoid an arbitrary discretion in the courts, it is indispensable that they should be <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">bound down by strict rules and precedents<\/span><\/strong>&#8230;&#8221;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;&#8230;<strong>those precedents<\/strong> must unavoidably swell to a very considerable bulk, and must demand long and laborious study to acquire a competent knowledge of them&#8230;.few men in the society who will have sufficient skill in the laws to qualify them for the stations of judges.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>So I guess we need a <em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A_Few_Good_Men#\/media\/File:A_Few_Good_Men_poster.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Few Good Men<\/a><\/strong><\/em>&#8230;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;&#8230;<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">a temporary duration in office, which would naturally discourage such [of the fittest] characters from quitting a lucrative line of practice to accept a seat on the bench, would have a tendency to throw the administration of justice into hands less able, and less well qualified, to conduct it with utility and dignity.<\/span><\/strong>&#8220;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>para. 22<\/strong>: <strong>&#8220;The experience of Great Britain affords an illustrious comment on the excellence of the institution.&#8221;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Compare this to the information about the percentage of lawyers in politics. {way up above}<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Judges are supposed to be held in high esteem and have the highest ethical standards, which is interesting considering <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/608903\/ethics-ratings-nearly-professions-down.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">where they come from<\/a><\/strong>&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Practice Questions<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>According to Jeffrey Rosen, the Founders believed the <strong><em>pursuit of happiness<\/em><\/strong> meant ________________________.<br>a) <span style=\"color: initial\">being good rather than feeling good<\/span><br>b) <span style=\"color: initial\">putting one\u2019s individual goals before the general welfare of society\u2019s<\/span><br>c) <span style=\"color: initial\">seeking pleasurable pursuits<\/span><br>d) <span style=\"color: initial\">all of the above<\/span><br>e) none of the above<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>True or False.<\/strong> According to Thomas Jefferson in a letter to James Madison, a bill of rights is what the people are entitled to from every government on earth.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Next Week<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We&#8217;re not meeting as a class next week. On Tuesday, 10\/07, you&#8217;ll do your <strong>Midterm Exam<\/strong> on <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/instructure.charlotte.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Canvas<\/a><\/strong>, and our Fall Break is Thursday and Friday: 10\/9-10\/10. I&#8217;ll see your smiling, refreshed faces Tuesday, 10\/14. Make sure to have read Harriet Beecher Stowe&#8217;s &#8220;In Which it Appears that a Senator is but a Man&#8221; on Canvas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">Discussion Post #5\u2013Due Friday, 10\/03, 11:07 pm<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Discussion Post #5\u2013Due Friday, 10\/03, 11:07 pm Plan for the Day Potential cold openning: Juice Newton &#8220;Angel Of The Morning&#8221; Hamilton, Federalist #78 This essay&#8217;s title is &#8220;The Judiciary Department,&#8221; so, obviously, it&#8217;s going to discuss the courts. How about some questions at the top: Alexis de Tocqueville (remember him), had this observation from his [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":598,"featured_media":0,"parent":11703,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12118","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P2HAOx-39s","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12118","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/598"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12118"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12118\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12138,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12118\/revisions\/12138"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11703"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}