{"id":12326,"date":"2025-11-12T19:57:35","date_gmt":"2025-11-13T00:57:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/?page_id=12326"},"modified":"2025-11-20T09:13:07","modified_gmt":"2025-11-20T14:13:07","slug":"dwighteisenhower","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/amdm2025\/dwighteisenhower\/","title":{"rendered":"Dwight D. Eisenhower"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Democracy\/Liberty\/Freedom\/ETC.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>After Robert J. Donovan of the <em>New York Herald Tribune<\/em> asked the President\u2019s opinion on removing \u201ccontroversial books\u201d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>After all, I have never known any generalization that did not need some modification when it came to applying it to a specific case. Generally speaking, my idea is that censorship and hiding solves nothing; that is exactly what I believe. <strong>But I do say I don&#8217;t have to be a party to encouraging my own self-destruction. That is the limit; and the other limit I draw is decency.<\/strong> We have certain books we bar from the mails and all that sort of thing; I think that is perfectly proper, and I would do it now. I don&#8217;t believe that standards of essential human dignity ought to be violated in these things, and human decency; also, as I say, this <strong>Communist propaganda<\/strong>.<br>Eisenhower, Dwight D. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/documents\/the-presidents-news-conference-488\">\u201cThe President&#8217;s News Conference.\u201d<\/a><\/strong> <em>The American Presidency Project<\/em>. 17 June 1953, paras. 55-57.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Brief Biography on Eisenhower<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dwight_D._Eisenhower\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Dwight D. Eisenhower<\/a><\/strong> was so popular that both Republicans and Democrats wanted him to run on their ticket. He ran in&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:ElectoralCollege1952.svg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1952<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:ElectoralCollege1956.svg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1956<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;(notice the areas he won). He was reluctant to run but decided to in order to thwart <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_A._Taft\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Senator Robert Taft<\/a><\/strong> (the &#8220;Taft&#8221; in the anti-union Taft-Hartley Act) from running. Taft opposed NATO and promoted isolationism: Eisenhower felt the United States couldn&#8217;t afford to derail the gains made from WWII; however, he would eventually become uneasy with America&#8217;s military-industrial complex (&#8220;Farewell Address,&#8221; 17 Jan. 1961). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Born in Texas but raised in Kansas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Got to France as WWI ended<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stayed in the Army through the isolationist days of 1930s<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supreme Allied Commander in Europe (1943)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>First Supreme Commander of NATO<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eisenhower Interstate System\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Because he was a logistics expert, Eisenhower pushed for the US to have a system of highways that cold be used to rapidly transport troops and equipment across the country. The highways could also be used to land planes. Although Eisenhower is said to have had a desire for a better system of transportation from his early days in the Army&#8217;s <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transcontinental_Motor_Convoy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Transcontinental Motor Convoy<\/a><\/strong>, he also saw Germany&#8217;s <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autobahn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Autobahn<\/a><\/strong> and noticed how destroying railways hampered moving troops and equipment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Dwight D. Eisenhower\u2019s \u201cThe President&#8217;s News Conference\u201d 17 June 1953<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Eisenhower had many news conferences, so this is a snapshot in time of the early part of his presidency (just six months into his first term). At the time, Joseph McCarthy was engaged in the early witchhunts for supposed communists in the State Department. He made his declaration of having the names of 205 known communists at the Republican Women&#8217;s Convention in February 1950, so he had been stirring up fear since then. Later in 1953, he would start investigating the Army, claiming communists had infiltrated. This would yield the Army-McCarthy hearings, and he would eventually be censured by the Senate for his antics with the Senate Committee on Un-American Activities. As you read, consider how Eisenhower\u2019s language reflects the rhetoric of most of the other texts we\u2019ve read. I\u2019ll try to fill in the historical context, but you can probably catch many references and allusions to prevailing American values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We might haved covered the McCarthy stuff already, but, if not, we&#8217;ll get to that after these parts of the transcript:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Making information from the Federal Government available to the public.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para. 4: \u201c\u202629 of the existing agencies of Government\u2026.will not have the right to classify anything as secret or in any other fashion that keeps it away from the public.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 5: \u201cIt limits the authority to classify in 16 additional departments\u2026\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 6: \u201c<strong>\u2026the information may be classified only if required in the interests of the defense of the United States<\/strong>.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Notice President Eisenhower\u2019s projection of ethos by claiming, \u201cBy the way, you don&#8217;t need to copy too much. I should have said you will get copies of the letter from the Attorney General\u2026.<strong>I am sorry if I caused you needless work<\/strong>\u201d (para. 8). He also sounds assuring with, \u201cI don&#8217;t by any manner of means promise that your detailed ideas are going to be accepted, but they will certainly be considered\u2026\u201d (para. 11). <strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">This is how effective leaders talk:<\/span><\/strong> the President is saying he will listen to them but not incorporate all their ideas, but the Press is thankful (this is my opinion as a rhetorician; I have no clue what the reporters in the room felt).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Korean War<\/strong> (25 June 1950 \u2013 27 July 1953\u2014one month left as of this news conference)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para. 14: \u201cI wrote a letter to Mr. [<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syngman_Rhee\">Syngman<\/a><\/strong>] Rhee in which I earnestly tried to express what is my understanding and, I believe, the American understanding of how we got into that war<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 15: \u201c<strong>the North Koreans and the Chinese Communists\u2026.[may have] complete indifference to human life and to the individual<\/strong>, because what would be the purpose of these attacks if they are definitely sincere in wanting an armistice, attacks obviously designed for taking a hill here or a little portion of a position there, and willing <strong>to waste the human lives that are involved in such attacks<\/strong>?\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paras. 32-34: &#8220;I don&#8217;t pretend to any secret way of interpreting [North Korean and Chinese Communists&#8217;] intentions\u2026. <strong>we do have some evidence again of how little they value the individual citizen as compared to the state<\/strong>.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Here we can read the uneasiness Eisenhower (although shared by others) of collectivism over individualism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Senator Joseph McCarthy<\/strong> (para. 17- )<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para. 18: He tells the reporter (Merriman Smith) that he\u2019s not going to talk about &#8220;personalities.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 19: Eisenhower claims to be against material \u201cthat attempts to persuade or propagandize America into communism.\u201d\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cIndeed, our courts found <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">11 Communists guilty of practically traitorous action<\/a><\/strong>; they pointed out that these men were dedicated to the destruction of the United States form of government by force, and that <strong>they took orders from a foreign government<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>para. 20: &#8220;<strong>I believe the United States is strong enough to expose to the world its differing viewpoints<\/strong> from those of what we call, almost, the man who has Socialist leanings to the man who is so far to the extreme right that it takes a telescope to find him.&#8221;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Consider this in light of the frequent push of our readings to aim for moderation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 21: \u201c<strong>I am against \u2018book burning\u2019<\/strong> of course&#8211;which is, as you well know, an expression to mean suppression of ideas. <strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">I just do not believe in suppressing ideas. I believe in dragging them out in the open and taking a look at them.<\/span><\/strong>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Labor and <a>Taft-Hartley Act <\/a>revision (para. 26-30)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Officially known as <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act\">The Labor Management Relations Act of 1947<\/a><\/strong>, this was a symptom of the early stages of the Second Red Scare in the United States. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/uscode\/text\/29\/141\">This act<\/a><\/strong>, overall, limited the power of Labor Unions but reaffirmed the rights of employees to join unions. The \u201ccommerce clause\u201d from the Constitution (<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/founding-docs\/constitution-transcript#1-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Art. 1, sec. 8<\/a><\/strong>) was used as a way to allow Congress jurisdiction over regulating unions, especially those engaged in manufacturing goods important to the United States. Think back to our discussion about how <strong>after 1937, the Supreme Court started interpreting the commerce clause more broadly to include the inputs of making things and not just the transportation and selling of goods<\/strong>. This act revised <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935\">The National Labor Relations Act<\/a><\/strong> that significantly bolstered Unions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para: 27: \u201c\u2026I&nbsp;promised several things: one, that I would, above all things, try to be a friend of every portion of our population. That definitely and specifically included labor.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 28: \u201c\u2026I promised that there would be a revision of the law, if I could bring it about, that would eliminate that one provision that can be used for union busting\u2026\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 29: \u201c\u2026<strong>the Communist oath. I said that I didn&#8217;t believe that labor leaders should be required to sign any such thing<\/strong> because I found no evidence that they required manufacturers to sign it; and I still believe in it.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The Taft-Hartley Act allowed anti-communist oaths, but Eisenhower thought that wasn\u2019t appropriate. It had been upheld by the Supreme Court in <strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Communications_Ass%27n_v._Douds\">American Communications Association v. Douds<\/a><\/em><\/strong> (1950); however, it was struck down in 1965.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Book Burning\/Banning<\/strong> (paras. 35-39 &amp; paras. 52-61) <strong>and Libraries\/Universities<\/strong> (paras. 82-88 &amp; 98-102)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para 37: What should be gotten rid of:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cI see no reason for the Federal Government of the United States to be supporting something that advocates its own destruction. That seems to me to be about the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/acme\">acme<\/a><\/strong> of silliness.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 38: If it isn\u2019t treasonous\u2026\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201c<strong>then let&#8217;s don&#8217;t be afraid of the kind of thinking that goes on in the United States<\/strong>, the kind of writing, the kind of argument. Let&#8217;s put it out.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 58: \u201c\u2026we had failed to read <em>Mein Kampf<\/em> seriously\u2026\u201d\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>I do not believe this is an instance of Godwin\u2019s Law or Reductio ad Hitlerum.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 59: \u201cHow many of you have read Stalin&#8217;s <em>Problems of Leninism<\/em>? How many of you have really studied Karl Marx and looked at the evolution of <strong>the Marxian theory<\/strong> down to the present application?\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 60: \u201c\u2026<strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">let&#8217;s educate ourselves if we are going to run a free government<\/span><\/strong>, and let&#8217;s don&#8217;t be afraid of its weaknesses as well as its strength.\u201d\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=YP7WaUPACuY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;Ike for President&#8221;<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 61: \u201c\u2026I am certain in my own mind that the methods of just trying to pretend communism does not exist, or trying to pretend that it does not have a great appeal for people in certain areas and under certain conditions, is silly.\u201d\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>I see this as Eisenhower\u2019s very pro-education stance. He\u2019s saying learn about ideas to understand the appeal(s) they have and in what specific contexts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 86: \u201cI insisted that communism, <strong>the facts of communism, were going to be taught at Columbia<\/strong>. I insisted likewise that if there were <strong>any teacher there who was persuaded of communism and who was trying to induce students to follow communism, I wouldn&#8217;t stay there if we couldn&#8217;t get rid of that person<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 87: \u201cThe facts of communism are one thing. Lay it out in front of us. Do you cure cancer by pretending it does not exist?\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 88: &#8220;So, these things that expose to us right from the original source what is communism, I don&#8217;t believe we should hide them. We should attempt to <strong>show our students the way in which they should approach them<\/strong>\u2026.there is <strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">a very great distinction in teaching facts and exhorting, teaching doctrine<\/span><\/strong>.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 98: \u201cWould you remove books by Marx and Lenin from our State Department libraries overseas?\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 99: \u201c\u2026it would seem to me that they have plenty of access to the documents that are definitely communistic.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 101: \u201c\u2026on the contrary, I hold with the old Frenchman that said, \u2018All generalizations are false, including this one.\u2019\u201d\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>This is often attributed to Mark Twain, but it\u2019s probably just a French proverb used by many French philosophers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Cold War Arms Race<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para. 51: President Eisenhower admits he\u2019s not sure how to (or if to) inform Americans about the Soviets nuclear testing and capacity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paras. 62-63: He\u2019s not talking about the nuclear arsenal of the United States.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paras. 64-65: Thoughts on a Korean truce and summit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Creeping Socialism<\/strong> (paras. 66-69) and <strong>Support for Social Security<\/strong> (paras. 70-74)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para. 67: \u201c\u2026the socialistic theory: that we, all of us, provide such cheap power for one region&#8211;apparently it is subsidized by taxes from all of us all over the country&#8211;but then it can appeal and take away the industries from the other sections of the country.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paras 68-69: \u201c\u2026I want the local people to have a greater interest and a greater voice in it. Now, that is what I say&#8211;getting on <strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">a middle-of-the-road trend<\/span><\/strong> and not merely go to <strong>the socialistic idea<\/strong> that the central government is the controlling factor in every one of these great economic things.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 72: \u201c\u2026if [workers] haven&#8217;t been able during the course of their active life to save up enough money, we have these systems.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para 73: \u201c\u2026<strong>I am always delighted to see local and State people participating so that again the whole power does not get into the Federal Government<\/strong>.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 74: \u201cWhat I am trying to say is that we find <strong>a middle-of-the-road basis<\/strong> here\u2026\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Taxes<\/strong> (paras. 75-81)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para. 80: Here is what I believe to be a sound argument. <strong>If we don&#8217;t close the gap in our deficits<\/strong>, in the long run there is no tax reduction; because the constant cheapening of your money, as a result of that, finally brings you to the point that your <strong>prices go up and everything goes<\/strong> up on you faster than you can catch it. <strong>Inflation has a way of galloping away from you<\/strong>. Consequently, unless we close the gap in our budget, I don&#8217;t believe that tax reduction in the long term is possible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Relations with Britain<\/strong> (para. 105- 110)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para. 108:&nbsp; \u201c\u2026the type of law that we inherited from those people, when we think of our heritage from them of the <strong>Magna Carta<\/strong> and other great documents and traditions, I think it is a good thing\u2026\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Butter and Divinity<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Para. 117: \u201c\u2026we do believe that we are a product and a representative of the Judaic-Christian civilization, and it does teach some concern for your brother.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>President Dwight D. Eisenhower&#8217;s Farewell Address<\/strong> (17 Jan 1961)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/milestone-documents\/president-dwight-d-eisenhowers-farewell-address\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>President Dwight D. Eisenhower&#8217;s Farewell Address<\/strong> (1961)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this famous address, Eisenhower reflects on his time in public service. Instead of looking at policies, let\u2019s focus on the rhetorical strategies he uses. Consider the context of the occasion here: Eisenhower is expressing his hopes for the Nation and giving grave warnings about communism and militarization in general. In this one, I\u2019m counting the paragraphs (para. as what\u2019s between the ******).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para. 1: appeal of ethos\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cfellow Americans\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201chalf a century in the service of our country\u201d (patriotism)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What&#8217;s the rhetorical effect of &#8220;half century&#8221; vs &#8220;about 50 years&#8221;?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bipartisanship: \u201cto serve the national good rather than mere partisanship, and so have assured that the business of the Nation should go forward.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Religious references:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para. 1: \u201c\u2026Godspeed. I pray that the coming years will be blessed with peace and prosperity for all.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 7: \u201cSo-in this my last good night to you as <strong>your President-I thank you for the many opportunities you have given me for public service<\/strong> in war and peace.\u201d\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cYou and I-my fellow citizens-need to be strong in <strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">our faith that all nations, under God, will reach the goal of peace with justice<\/span><\/strong>.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Final paragraph of the last section:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>We pray<\/strong> that peoples of all faiths, all races, all nations, may have their great human needs satisfied; that those now denied opportunity shall come to enjoy it to the full; that all who yearn for <strong>freedom<\/strong> may experience its <strong>spiritual blessings<\/strong>; that those who have <strong>freedom<\/strong> will understand, also, its heavy responsibilities; that all who are insensitive to the needs of others will learn <strong>charity<\/strong>; that the scourges of <strong>poverty, disease and ignorance<\/strong> will be made to disappear from the earth, and that, in the goodness of time, all peoples will come to live together in a <strong>peace<\/strong> guaranteed by the binding force of <strong>mutual respect and love<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Appeal to Patriotism<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para. 2: \u201cAmerica is today the strongest, the most influential and most productive nation in the world. Understandably proud of this pre-eminence\u2026 how we use our power in the interests of world peace and human betterment.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 3: \u201c<strong>Throughout America&#8217;s adventure in free government<\/strong>, our basic purposes have been to keep the peace; to foster progress in human achievement, and to <strong>enhance liberty, dignity and integrity among people and among nations<\/strong>.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Rhetoric of Fear<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para. 3: &#8220;<strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">We face a hostile ideology-global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose, and insidious in method. Unhappily the danger it poses promises to be of indefinite duration.<\/span><\/strong>&#8221;\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pretty grim statement even for me!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 6: &#8220;\u2026another war could utterly destroy this civilization which has been so slowly and painfully built over thousands of years-I wish I could say tonight that a lasting peace is in sight.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Rhetoric of Moderation<\/strong> (notice the repetition of \u201cbalance\u201d)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para. 3: \u201c\u2026the need to maintain <strong>balance<\/strong> in and among national programs\u2014<strong>balance between<\/strong> the private and the public economy, <strong>balance between<\/strong> cost and hoped for advantage\u2014<strong>balance between<\/strong> the clearly necessary and the comfortably desirable; <strong>balance between<\/strong> our essential requirements as a nation and the duties imposed by the nation upon the individual; <strong>balance between<\/strong> action of the moment and the national welfare of the future.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 5: \u201cAnother factor in maintaining balance involves the element of time\u2026.We cannot mortgage the material assets of our grandchildren without risking the loss also of <strong>their political and spiritual heritage<\/strong>. We want <strong>democracy<\/strong> to survive for all generations to come, not to become the insolvent phantom of tomorrow.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Technological Revolution<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para. 4: \u201c\u2026we can no longer risk emergency improvisation of national defense; we have been compelled to create <strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions<\/span><\/strong>\u2026.We annually spend on military security <strong>more than the net income of all United State corporations<\/strong>.\u201d\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;\u2026<strong>we must guard against<\/strong> the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by <strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">the military-industrial complex<\/span><\/strong>. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cWe must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 4: \u201cThe prospect of domination of the nation&#8217;s scholars by Federal employment, project allocations, and the power of money is ever present and is gravely to be regarded.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 4: \u201c\u2026<strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">the free university, historically the fountainhead of free ideas and scientific discovery, has experienced a revolution in the conduct of research<\/span><\/strong>. Partly because of the huge costs involved, a government contract becomes virtually a substitute for intellectual curiosity.\u201d\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cFor every old <strong>blackboard<\/strong> there are now hundreds of <strong>new electronic computers<\/strong>.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>I highly recommend <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/transcripts\/1253247256\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;Why does the government fund research at universities?&#8221; from Planey Money<\/a><\/strong> if you&#8217;re interested about the history of government funding universities. A man named <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vannevar_Bush\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Vannevar Bush<\/a><\/strong> is somewhat of the focus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Stay Informed<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para. 4: \u201c<strong>Only an alert and <span style=\"background-color:yellow\">knowledgeable citizenry<\/span> can compel the proper meshing of the <span style=\"background-color:yellow\">huge industrial and military machinery of defense<\/span> with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and <span style=\"background-color:yellow\">liberty<\/span> may prosper together<\/strong>.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cIt is the task of statesmanship to mold, to balance, and to integrate these and other forces, new and old, within the principles of our democratic system-ever aiming toward the supreme goals of our free society.\u201d {your weekly discussion post}<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para. 6: \u201cDisarmament, with mutual honor and confidence, is a continuing imperative. Together we must learn how to <strong>compose difference<\/strong>, not with arms, but <strong>with intellect<\/strong> and decent purpose.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Debate\u2026?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Preserve the Union regardless of flaws<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Para. 6: &#8220;<strong>America\u2026must avoid becoming a community of dreadful fear and hate<\/strong>, and be, instead, a proud confederation of mutual trust and respect.&#8221;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;Such a <strong>confederation<\/strong> must be one of <strong>equals<\/strong>. The weakest must come to the conference table with the same confidence as do we, protected as we are by our moral, economic, and military strength. <strong><span style=\"background-color:yellow\">That table, though scarred by many past frustrations<\/span><\/strong>, cannot be abandoned for the certain agony of the battlefield.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>There is lots more to be said about these speeches and Eisenhower in general (or the General), but that&#8217;s enough for our class&#8217;s focus.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Democracy\/Liberty\/Freedom\/ETC. After Robert J. Donovan of the New York Herald Tribune asked the President\u2019s opinion on removing \u201ccontroversial books\u201d: After all, I have never known any generalization that did not need some modification when it came to applying it to a specific case. Generally speaking, my idea is that censorship and hiding solves nothing; that [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":598,"featured_media":0,"parent":11703,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12326","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P2HAOx-3cO","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12326","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/598"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12326"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12326\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12379,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12326\/revisions\/12379"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11703"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12326"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}