{"id":9151,"date":"2022-08-24T13:15:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-24T17:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/?page_id=9151"},"modified":"2022-09-04T15:07:51","modified_gmt":"2022-09-04T19:07:51","slug":"lbst2213september07","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/lbst2213fall2022\/lbst2213september07\/","title":{"rendered":"September 7th:\u00a0Collins &amp; Pinch\u2019s\u00a0The Golem\u00a0(Science),\u00a0Ch. 5 and 6"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Please note that <strong>Test 1<\/strong> is next Wednesday, 9\/14, on <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/canvas.charlotte.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Canvas<\/strong><\/a><ul><li>Test 1 will open at 7:00 am and close promptly at 11:00 pm.<\/li><li>You\u2019ll have 75 minutes to do it once you start.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/wfae.org\/post\/nc-state-futurist-marshall-brain-second-intelligent-species-rebroadcast\" target=\"_blank\">So called 2nd Intelligence discussion on Charlotte Talks<\/a><\/strong><ul><li>If interested, check this out sometime.<\/li><li>No, it won\u2019t be on any Tests or Exams. It\u2019s just if you\u2019re curious.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ch. 5:&nbsp;The Non-Detection of Gravitational Radiation<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Question inspired by the chapter: How do you prove something doesn\u2019t exist?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Like Pasteur, Joseph Weber was trying to convince the scientific community of invisible forces, and he&nbsp;carefully constructed a device to find gravity waves. <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Like bacteria, you can\u2019t see these waves with the naked eye or feel their force. What does gravity look like?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Because we like definitions\u2026<br><\/strong>Gravity is the force that causes objects to fall toward one another.<br>Gravity is a consequence of the curvature of <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spacetime\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">spacetime<\/a><\/strong>.<br>Gravitational Constant: G=6.674 x 10<sup>-11<\/sup>N\u2009x\u2009(m\/kg)<sup>2<\/sup>\u2026<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation#Modern_form\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">we\u2019ll leave that one to Physics<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Four Things to Take Away from the Chapter<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>There is a heavy burden of proof for someone trying to persuade others of an unusual claim. New claims have to overcome <strong><em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/dictionary.reference.com\/browse\/a-priori\" target=\"_blank\">a priori<\/a><\/em><\/strong> scientific skepticism. {Note the difference in the term <strong><em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A_priori_and_a_posteriori\" target=\"_blank\">a posteriori<\/a><\/em><\/strong>.}<\/li><li>Experimenter\u2019s regress: A continuous loop of reasoning that arises when testing for a result with experiments that aren\u2019t decisive tools for confirming those tests. Did the experiment work? We\u2019d need the outcome to answer that. Ok, what\u2019s the outcome supposed to be? Not sure\u2026we need an accurate experiment to test for that; therefore\u2026<ul><li>This is especially present in new, emerging sciences that don&#8217;t have established epistemologies.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>There were 11 reasons\u2014none directly related to questioning scientific facts\u2014for believing or not believing Weber\u2019s results. The reasons ranged from perception of the scientist\u2019s abilities and character to his nationality (p. 101).<\/li><li><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Dedication to one\u2019s area of analysis affects one\u2019s commitment to results.<\/span><\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Key Quotations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>p. 91: \u201cMost scientists agree that Einstein\u2019s general theory of relativity predicts that moving massive bodies will produce gravity waves.\u201d<\/li><li>p. 92: Finding gravitational radiation is extremely difficult because, a correctly done experiment, needs to record \u201ca minute fluctuation within the tiny force\u201d of a gravity wave pulse.<\/li><li>p. 92-93: The \u201cWeber-bar antenna\u2026.[doesn\u2019t] really detect gravity waves[;] they detect vibrations in a bar of metal. They cannot distinguish between vibrations due to gravitational radiation and those produced by other forces\u2026.the bar must be insulated from all known and potential disturbances.\u201d<ul><li><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">You know what this means\u2026can one control for all outside disturbances?<\/span><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Also, do you recall other experiments that had to deal with vibrations?<\/span><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>p. 94: \u201cWeber\u2019s claims are now universally disbelieved\u2026.he seemed to find far too much gravitational radiation to be compatible with contemporary cosmological theories.\u201d<\/li><li>p. 102: \u201cNo-one has since [1975] concluded that they found anything that would corroborate Weber\u2019s findings.\u201d<\/li><li>p. 95-96: Scientists can\u2019t just assume others will accept their results if they themselves are the only ones able to find results. \u201cPersuading other scientists to try to disprove a claim is a useful first step.\u201d<\/li><li>p. 97: \u201cPicking the right experimental elaboration to convince others requires rhetorical as well as scientific skills.\u201d<\/li><li>p. 97: As with other experiments, many conditions need to be controlled for or accounted for. <ul><li>How do we know the force of the gravity waves if the device records tiny movements such as atmospheric pressure, vibrations from surroundings machines, or atomic movements?<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>p. 97: To dispute the claims also means one\u2019s scientific credibility is on the line.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>p. 99-100: A variety of colorful responses to Weber\u2019s experiment\u2026<ul><li>faulty apparatus (as opposed to the <strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zgnITtuv2Hs\" target=\"_blank\">Golgi Apparatus<\/a><\/strong>)<\/li><li>lack of skill<\/li><li>bad luck<\/li><li>small institution (University of Maryland is a huge school, by the way. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED061893.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">It had over 35,000 students in the early 1970s<\/a> when Weber did his experiments)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>p. 100: \u201c[I]t is hard to know what it means to do an experiment that is identical to another.\u201d<ul><li><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Step back a second here. Why, if it\u2019s so difficult to do an exact replica of an experiment, is replication key to others verifying you\u2019ve established new scientific knowledge?<\/span><\/strong><\/li><li>Consider the peer-reviewed community acceptance of scientific knowledge. One can&#8217;t just assert an experiment works if others can&#8217;t replicate it?<\/li><li>Think back to the &#8220;golden hands&#8221; argument in the worm runner chapter.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>p. 101: \u201cIf there are gravity waves a good apparatus is one that detects them; if there are no gravity waves the good experiments are those which do not see them.\u201d<ul><li>Let\u2019s unpack the above statement. How else might we say the same thing?<ul><li>Gravity waves can only be found if they exist and shouldn&#8217;t be found if they don&#8217;t exist<\/li><li>See <strong>experimenter&#8217;s regress<\/strong> above for more information on this<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>p. 103: Weber lived, ate, and breathed his device. A contemporary scientist noted \u201c[he] spends hours and hours of time per day per week per month, living with the apparatus\u2026.Weber gives his system\u2026dedication\u2014personal dedication.\u201d<\/li><li>p. 106: \u201cReporting an experimental result is itself not enough to give credibility to an unusual claim\u2026.it must be presented very clearly and with great ingenuity.\u201d<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Conclusion: Rhetorical Maneuvers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>p. 105: Early scientists, \u201cin 1972\u2026.the first scientists to criticize Weber hedged their bets.\u201d They reported negative results, but they also claimed that they could have done something wrong.<ul><li>Remember, <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">at this point, Einstein&#8217;s theories are the most accepted,<\/span><\/strong> so most scientists would believe gravitational waves in theory.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>This is a rhetorical move.<\/strong> They might have been more confident than their published results show. They didn\u2019t want to discredit Weber too strongly because they weren\u2019t completely confident in their own results. After all, gravitational waves are theoretically possible. It wasn\u2019t until Garwin emphatically dismissed Weber\u2019s results that the scientific critical mass against Weber was established. Refuting someone else\u2019s results too soon can be just as damaging to one\u2019s reputation as publishing findings too early.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>p. 107: \u201cBefore the resolution there was real and substantial uncertainty, and it was very reasonable uncertainty\u2026.After the resolution everything is clarified; high fluxes of gravity waves do not exist and it is said that only incompetent scientists think they can see them.\u201d<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Collins &amp; Pinch argue that understanding <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">controversial science is important to the non-scientist who must consider scientific matters that affect the public.<\/span><\/strong> The political-social dimensions of science and technology affect us more than what happens in a lab. <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Citizens in a democracy should be informed when they listen to journalists and others who filter technical information for them, and they should be informed voters.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Epilogue<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>They found proof of gravitational waves in February 2016. <strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/news\/2016\/02\/remembering-joseph-weber-controversial-pioneer-gravitational-waves\" target=\"_blank\">Here&#8217;s a short, one-page article that interviews Weber&#8217;s wife<\/a><\/strong> (Weber died in 2000) after the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration teams&#8217; press conference announcing that they had directly detected gravitational waves. Let&#8217;s look at the final paragraph.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you&#8217;re interested, here are two articles on gravitational waves, including a history of detection (unfortunately, Joseph Weber doesn&#8217;t make the cut&#8230;). They also have diagrams of the tool used to detect these waves:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.americanscientist.org\/article\/the-secret-history-of-gravitational-waves\" target=\"_blank\">Rothman, Tony. &#8220;The Secret History of Gravitational Waves.&#8221;<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2021\/jun\/29\/gravitational-waves-from-star-eating-black-holes-detected-on-earth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sample, Ian. &#8220;Gravitational Waves from Star-Eating Black Holes Detected on Earth.&#8221;<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/wfae.org\/post\/nc-state-futurist-marshall-brain-second-intelligent-species-rebroadcast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Again, if interested (not required), check out&nbsp;discussion on Charlotte Talks episode from several years ago (2\/4\/2016).<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ch. 6: The Sex Life of the Whiptail Lizard<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We move from physics to zoology, specifically, herpetology. Think about the big picture regarding epistemology because this chapter brings up the important (but often maligned) concept of interdisciplinarity. In many ways, all epistemologies are interdisciplinary because they share overlapping assumptions on how to produce valid knowledge. Interdisciplinary studies are good in that they ask fresh, insightful questions about traditional disciplines, but they are also considered suspect by traditional disciplines because interdisciplinary researchers are seen as outsiders encroaching on the establishment\u2019s territory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this chapter, we have sub-disciplines within sub-disciplines and a messy route to valid scientific conclusions. Herpetology, the study of amphibians and reptiles, is a sub-discipline under Zoology, which is a sub-discipline under Biology. We could even say <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cnemidophorus\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><em>Cnemidophorus<\/em><\/strong><\/a>-ology (I made that \u201c-ology\u201d up) is a sub-discipline under <strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herpetology\" target=\"_blank\">Herpetology<\/a><\/strong>. All of these studies overlap in how knowledge should be created, but, as you read, the key players don\u2019t all agree. Scientists have various approaches to their study, and those approaches come with assumptions that filter their analyses. We can assume there\u2019s usually general agreement among members of a discipline (otherwise there would be no discourse communities), but we can\u2019t assume beliefs are universally held by all members.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><em>Cnemidophorus<\/em> means greave-wearer in Ancient Greek<\/li><li>Greaves are leg armor, so you&#8217;ve probably outfitted various <a href=\"https:\/\/assassinscreed.fandom.com\/wiki\/Category:Greaves\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Assassin&#8217;s Creed characters<\/a> with them<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Three Things to Take Away<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Interdisciplinarity offers new ways to consider traditional sciences, but it also is controversial because it may <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">challenge those traditional paradigms<\/span><\/strong> (governing assumptions or worldviews of so-called \u201cpure\u201d experts).<\/li><li>Normally, scientists\u2019 skills are considered a given; however, when a controversy arises, it\u2019s necessary to show one\u2019s expertise (prove it).<\/li><li>Unlike physics, where experiments focus the debate, in this case, experiments aren\u2019t possible. Debate surrounds interpretation of observations and pointing to the opponent\u2019s missing evidence.<\/li><li><strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/dictionary.reference.com\/browse\/anthropomorphize\" target=\"_blank\">Anthropomorphize<\/a><\/strong>: to ascribe human form or attributes to (an animal, plant, material object, etc.). Many scientists prefer not to use human-like qualities to describe animals (or other non-human phenomenon). It\u2019s consider inaccurate. This is a general attitude and is maintained particularly in academic journals.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Facts are in the eye of the beholder<\/span><\/strong>, and \u201cmatters of fact are inseparable from the skills of the scientist used to produce them\u201d (p. 116). <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Facts NEVER speak for themselves<\/span><\/strong>; humans speak for them: \u201cAs always the facts of nature are settled within the field of human argument\u201d (p. 119). You&#8217;ve probably heard people say that scientists consider science to be &#8220;self correcting.&#8221; I hesitate to use that phrase. The reason is because science never corrects itself without human agents, and I want to make clear that humans pursue, test, debate, and establish science. The process isn&#8217;t metaphysical or magical. {Now, that I&#8217;ve explained my hesitancy, I&#8217;ll just use &#8220;self-correcting&#8221; without qualification.}<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Key Quotations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>p. 110: Crews studied the red-sided garter snake before the whiptail lizard. He noted a peculiar mating behavior. \u201cThe snakes\u2019 sexual activities may seem strange to us, but they have adapted perfectly to the extreme conditions under which they live.\u201d<\/li><li>p.110: Interdisciplinary\u2014\u201cLike many scientific innovators, Crews brings together approaches from a variety of areas that traditionally have gone their separate ways\u2026.By asking new questions of aspects of the behaviour and physiology of species that have already been studied, Crews was posing a challenge to <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">the established experts<\/span><\/strong>.\u201d<\/li><li>p. 111: \u201c[O]btaining a controversial status for a set of ideas such that other scientists feel compelled to reject them in an explicit manner is a substantial achievement in itself.\u201d<ul><li>Basically, you often know you&#8217;ve done something right when the field goes out of it&#8217;s way to dismiss you.<\/li><li>And they may also claim a novel idea you have is &#8220;old&#8221; and &#8220;already been done&#8221; when they refuse to publish you innovative work&#8211;I&#8217;m talking about you the field of technical writing\/communication!<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">p. 112: \u201cAll biologists agree that [the a, b, c, d illustrations\u2014figure 6.1] is what happens. They disagree over the meaning to be given to the observation.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/li><li>p. 113: Cuellar &amp; Cole, critics of Crews, saw him as an \u201cinexperienced upstart\u2026.[who] immediately seized upon a peculiar piece of behaviour, noticed in a very few animals, and [blew] it up into a sensational claim.\u201d Also, \u201cthe sexual exploits of lizards made for compelling media coverage.\u201d<\/li><li><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">p. 113: the critics felt \u201c[t]he behavior [Crews] had observed was trivial: it was unnatural and a product of captivity.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/li><li>p. 115: A common rhetorical stance is to write a paper that portrays \u201cscientists [as] merely mediators or passive observers of Nature.\u201d This is important for maintaining the perception of objectivity.<ul><li>For instance, scientists refer to themselves in third person and\/or use passive voice:<br>&#8220;The researcher observed the whiptail lizards&#8230;&#8221; (Clearly the research is the author)<br>&#8220;Whiptail lizards A and B were observed&#8230;&#8221; (This removes the agent&#8211;the one observing the activity)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>p. 115: Rhetorical savvy\u2014Cuellar, a critic of Crews, admitted seeing the \u201cpseudo-copulatory behaviour,\u201d but, because he didn\u2019t conclude the way Crews did, Crews \u201cthen went on to treat his failure to realize its significance as stemming from his own <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">preconceptions<\/span><\/strong>.\u201d<\/li><li>p. 115: \u201cAccusations of carelessness are ineffective in resolving disputes because they tend to circularity.\u201d In other words, one could say another observer is being careless about drawing (invalid) conclusions about an observation; on the other hand, the defendant could claim the critic is being careless for NOT coming to the same conclusions about an observation.<ul><li>This is an excellent exit strategy for a relationship&#8230;<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">p. 117: Never able to definitively prove whether or not observations in captivity were ideal settings or distorted whiptail lizard behavior.<\/span><\/strong><ul><li>Similar to the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Observer_effect_(physics)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;observer effect&#8221;<\/a><\/strong> in physics, captivity could alter animal behavior.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">p. 118: Gentleman don\u2019t engage in lowly bickering\u2014\u201cMany scientists are wary of getting entangled in controversies and perceive them to be the repository of shoddy science.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/li><li>p. 118: \u201cBy appealing to the rhetoric of experiment and testing\u2026Crews can appear to have found a way to have advanced beyond the earlier controversy.\u201d<ul><li>That earlier controversy being a product of \u201ca lack of firm experimental tests and decisive evidence.\u201d<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>At the end of the penultimate section of the Chapter \u201cLove Bites and Hand Waving,\u201d Collins &amp; Pinch claim, based on Crews\u2019s approach to countering other criticisms, \u201cthe reader can speculate about the possible lines of argument Crews could have adopted in defence\u201d of Cole &amp; Townsend pointing out that his not recognizing \u201cbasking [of the whiptail lizard] from hand waving [as] a credibility problem\u201d (p. 117-118).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What could those conclusions be? After having read the chapter, consider Crews\u2019s perspective and think of three ways he, the rhetorically savvy scientist, would counter Cole &amp; Townsend\u2019s attack on his credibility as an observer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The End\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eventually, the controversy ended in a draw according to Collins &amp; Pinch. Crews appears to be the more rhetorically savvy participant even if he wasn\u2019t considered to have the same expertise in studying <strong><em>Cnemidophorus<\/em><\/strong> as Cuellar and others. Using hindsight, Crews appears to have rewritten the early history of the debate as \u201cpremature: an over-reaction of an underdeveloped field\u2026.By appealing to the rhetoric of the experiment and testing\u2026Crews can appear to have found a way to have advanced beyond the earlier controversy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Lesson<\/strong>: Rhetorical savvy isn\u2019t just for politicians and other charlatans. How one presents findings is important. Knowledge of the best, most well-done experiments never have a chance to get disseminated if the purpose for the communication isn\u2019t established and it doesn\u2019t conform to audience expectations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Epilogue<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you&#8217;re interested in more on the whiptail lizard, here are two articles:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nautil.us\/issue\/42\/fakes\/when-pseudosex-is-better-than-the-real-thing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>McGowan, Kat. &#8220;When Pseudosex Is Better Than the Real Thing.&#8221;<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Mexico_whiptail\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Wikipedia entry on the New Mexico Whiptail<\/strong><\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Observing the \u201cSame\u201d Behavior<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although this isn\u2019t exactly behavior, imagine what people observe when viewing animals in captivity. What might guide their conclusions?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160809114640\/http:\/\/www.riverbanks.org\/animals\/african-plains\/grants-zebra.shtml\">Columbia Zoo: Zebra<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191101215213\/https:\/\/www.riverbanks.org\/animals\/african\/western-lowland-gorilla\">Columbia Zoo: Gorilla<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170623194536\/http:\/\/www.riverbanks.org\/animals\/african\/ostrich\">Columbia Zoo: Ostrich<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Next Class<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We\u2019ll be finishing Collins &amp; Pinch\u2019s <em>Golem: What You Should Know about Science<\/em> on Monday, 9\/12, when we review Ch. 7 and the Conclusion.<strong>*<\/strong> Then, on Wednesday, 9\/14, you have <strong>Test 1<\/strong> on <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/canvas.charlotte.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Canvas<\/strong><\/a>. You take Test 1, Test 2, the Midterm Exam, and the Final Exam&nbsp;anywhere you have access to the Internet. <strong>Test 1<\/strong> opens at 7:00 am and closes at 11:00 pm. You have 75 minutes to complete <strong>Test 1<\/strong> once you start. Of course, that assumes you start it by 9:45 pm. The test will close promptly at 11:00 pm, so my advice is to do it early.<br><span style=\"background-color: #FFFF00\"><strong>*<\/strong>You aren&#8217;t required to read the 30-page &#8220;Afterword: Golem and the Scientists,&#8221; but I encourage you to in order to reinforce the material. It&#8217;s a summary and prep for <strong>Test 1<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We\u2019ll move onto the Prefaces and Ch. 1 in Collins &amp; Pinch\u2019s&nbsp;<em>The Golem at Large: What You Should Know about Technology<\/em> on Monday, 9\/19. Then, there are no class notes on Wednesday, 9\/21, because I&#8217;m giving you a catch up day. The Midterm Exam is right around the corner, so don\u2019t blink! The semester will go by quickly!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Please note that Test 1 is next Wednesday, 9\/14, on Canvas Test 1 will open at 7:00 am and close promptly at 11:00 pm. You\u2019ll have 75 minutes to do it once you start. So called 2nd Intelligence discussion on Charlotte Talks If interested, check this out sometime. No, it won\u2019t be on any Tests [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":598,"featured_media":0,"parent":9091,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9151","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P2HAOx-2nB","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9151","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/598"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9151"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9151\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9163,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9151\/revisions\/9163"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9091"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/aaron-toscano\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9151"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}