The Alphabet – Last Two Letters
Letters Without Sounds
Ь – soft sign | Ъ – hard sign | ||
These signs do not have sounds of their own but are used for modifying neighboring sounds only. |
Listen I
“Ь” – There are two functions to the soft sign.
One is reflected by its name: it makes a preceding consonant soft (palatalizes it).
This sign may be used either at the end of a word:
день day (m) |
гость guest (m) |
соль salt (f) |
о́сень autumn (f) |
тетра́дь notebook (f) |
пло́щадь square, plaza (f) |
здесь here |
о́чень very |
боль pain/ache (f) |
дождь rain (m) |
о́чередь line (of people) (f) |
|
It may also be used within a word: | |||
больни́ца hospital |
то́лько only |
большо́й big (m) |
письмо́ letter |
пальто́ coat. |
ма́льчик (little) boy |
де́ньги* money |
The other function of the soft sign “Ь” is to add a ‘Y-quality’ to the vowel that follows it while keeping the softness of the consonant before:
бульо́н broth/bullion |
cтатья́ article |
cемья́ family |
пла́тье dress |
конья́к cognac |
Words ending in “Ь” can be either feminine or masculine and you have to look them up in a dictionary to know the gender. Compare for example дверь (f. – door) and слова́рь (m. – dictionary). However, when “Ь” follows “Ж,” “Ч,” “Щ” at the end of a word, it is a sure indicator of feminine gender:
ложь (f.) lie |
вещь (f.) thing |
дочь (f.) daughter |
ночь (f.) night |
нож (m.) knife |
врач (m.) doctor |
това́рищ (m.) friend/comrade |
The absence of the soft sign after Ж, Ч, Щ signals that they are all masculine:
“Ъ” – the hard sign is used in a small number of words. Its only function is to add ‘Y-quality’ to the vowel that follows, while keeping the hardness of the consonant before:
подъе́зд entrance, porch |
объявле́ние advertisement or announcement |
Caution: Don’t confuse the soft sign “Ь” or a hard sign “Ъ” with the vowel “Ы”- they are all different letters.
Now you have been introduced to the entire Russian alphabet. You may master reading within 2-3 weeks. Don’t get discouraged if it takes longer. it’s the quality of reading that matters, after all. Besides, the more time you devote to mastering reading Russian, the more words you will learn by repetition alone.
Note: It’s important to know the letters in the alphabetical order, so you can look up words in a dictionary.
Reading Practice – p.51
Listen, Read and Translate
|
Survival Kit
Asking “What’s the English for…?” and “What’s the Russian for…?”
КАК ПО-АНГЛИ́ЙСКИ “СОК”? | What’s the English for “сок?” (Lit: How is in English “сок”?) |
ПО-АНГЛИ́ЙСКИ “СОК” – “JUICE”. | The English for “сок” is “juice.” (Lit: In English “сок” is “juice.”) |
КАК ПО-РУ́ССКИ* “ROOM”? | What’s the Russian for “room?” |
ПО-РУ́ССКИ* “ROOM” – “КО́МНАТА”. | The Russian for “room” is “ко́мната.” |
*Please notice the hyphenated spelling of “по-англи́йски” and “по-ру́сски” (which mean: “in English”and “in Russian”). They are adverbs in Russian and are different from adjectives “англи́йский” and “ру́сский” (“англи́йский/ру́сский уче́бник”- Eng./Russ. textbook).