{"id":1948,"date":"2024-01-09T16:40:26","date_gmt":"2024-01-09T21:40:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/john-reeves\/?page_id=1948"},"modified":"2024-01-11T11:29:55","modified_gmt":"2024-01-11T16:29:55","slug":"rels-4000-5000-blood-guts-and-gore","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/john-reeves\/course-materials\/rels-4000-5000-blood-guts-and-gore\/","title":{"rendered":"RELS 4000\/5000 Blood, Guts, and Gore"},"content":{"rendered":"

RELS 4000\/5000
\nBlood, Guts, and Gore: Ritual and Its Discontents
\nR 2:30-5:15
\nDr. John C. Reeves
\n204B Macy
\nOffice hours: send an email to
\njcreeves@charlotte.edu<\/a>
\nhttps:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/john-reeves\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Course description:<\/strong>\u00a0 This course centers upon the close reading of two primary sources authored by two enormously influential Victorian era scholars of religion, William Robertson Smith\u2019s Lectures on the Religion of the Semites<\/em> and James G. Frazer\u2019s The Golden Bough<\/em>.\u00a0 It also conducts a critical examination of the huge impact of their thought on twentieth and twenty-first century students of both Indo-European and Semitic religions, as well as certain modernist critics of religion and religiosity, such as Sigmund Freud.\u00a0 Ideas we will consider include (but are not limited to) influential themes like the theorizing of magic, religion, and rationalities; the myth of the divine king; dying and rising gods; totem and taboo; the nature of sacrifice; and the ritual theory of myth.<\/p>\n

Texts:<\/strong>\u00a0 Only one book needs to be purchased for this course:<\/p>\n

James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, A Study in Magic and Religion: A New Abridgement from the Second and Third Editions<\/em> (ed. Robert Fraser; Oxford World\u2019s Classics; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).<\/p>\n

I have pre-loaded into Canvas electronic copies of:<\/p>\n

William Robertson Smith, Lectures on the<\/em> Religion of the Semites, First Series: The Fundamental Institutions<\/em> (2d ed.; London: Adam and Charles Black, 1894).<\/p>\n

Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo: Some Points of Agreement Between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics<\/em> (trans. James Strachey; London and New York: Routledge, 2004); original ed. Totem und Tabu<\/em> (Wien: Hugo Heller, 1913).<\/p>\n

Accessible to you via Atkins Library<\/a> is an electronic edition of:<\/p>\n

Jessie L. Weston, From Ritual to Romance<\/em> (London, 1920; repr., Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).<\/p>\n

Other supplementary readings will be assigned and\/or distributed by the instructor as needed.<\/p>\n

Course requirements:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Readings<\/em>. The nature of this course entails a significant amount of close reading and reflection. Students are responsible for anticipating and completing the reading assignments (outlined below) in a timely manner.\u00a0 Every student is expected to read and critically expound the four required works mentioned above in their entirety.<\/p>\n

b. Seminar papers<\/em>. All students will prepare and submit to the instructor at the beginning of most classes a written summary and brief analysis (maximum length of five [5] typewritten or electronically printed pages) of that week\u2019s reading assignment. The instructor\u2019s evaluation of the student\u2019s collective written exercise performance (based on the scale \u221a+ = A-; \u221a = B-; \u221a- = D for undergrads; C for grads) will comprise 40% of the course grade.<\/p>\n

c. Research project<\/em>. One (1) formal research project to be presented in oral and written form (10-15 double-spaced pages, exclusive of notes and list of sources) that focuses upon a particular topic relevant to or which interacts with the critical work of the authors studied in class. After a close reading of primary and secondary sources and in consultation with the instructor, the student should select a topic of individual interest that permits such an extended exposition, analysis, and\/or evaluation. \u00a0The project will be presented orally (approximately 15 minutes) during the final class meeting (Thursday, April 25); the formal written version of the papers must be submitted to the instructor by 5:00 PM on Friday, May 3.\u00a0 The research project accounts for 40% of the course grade.<\/p>\n

d. Individual involvement<\/em>. Almost perfect attendance (see below) is an essential requirement for this course. Each class meeting builds upon the knowledge gained during previous meetings.\u00a0 Moreover, in-class discussion, close reading, and analysis by both the instructor and class members comprise a significant portion of every class meeting.\u00a0 Preparation for every class usually involves the completion of a series of assigned readings and\/or written assignment(s), and individual students may be asked initiate our collective examination and discussion of the weekly topics.\u00a0 Students are expected to contribute in an informed manner<\/u>[1]<\/a> to the public analysis and discussion of any assigned topic, and the instructor reserves the right to administer occasional unannounced \u2018pop-quizzes\u2019 should he deem the situation so warrants.\u00a0 The instructor\u2019s assessment of one\u2019s attendance, apparent class preparation, presentations, informed oral contributions, and any pop-quiz scores will constitute 20% of the final course grade.<\/p>\n

e. Zakhor<\/em> (Remember!): Mastery of the assigned readings and diligent class attendance are necessary prerequisites for the successful completion of this course. Each student is responsible for all lectures, class discussions, assignments, and announcements, whether or not s\/he is present when they occur.<\/p>\n

Miscellaneous information:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. The grading scale used in this course is as follows:<\/p>\n

91-95+\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 demonstrable mastery of material; can creatively synthesize<\/p>\n

81-90\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 some demonstrable proficiency in control of material & analysis<\/p>\n

71-80\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 satisfactory performance of assignments; little or no analysis<\/p>\n

61-70\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 inadequate and\/or faulty understanding of material<\/p>\n

0-60\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 F\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 unacceptable work<\/p>\n

Graduate students are graded using a scale of A, B, C, and U.\u00a0 A grade of \u2018C\u2019 for a graduate student is equivalent to that of a \u2018D\u2019 for undergraduates; \u2018U\u2019 signals unacceptable graduate-level work.<\/p>\n

b. One of the requirements of this course is to complete the work of the course on time. Sometimes there are legitimate reasons for late work\u2014an illness or other emergency. \u2018Emergency,\u2019 however, does not include your social involvements, travel plans, job schedule, disk, wi-fi, and\/or printer failures, the state of your love life, your obligations to other courses, or general malaise over the state of the world.\u00a0 The world has been in a mess as long as anyone can remember, and most of the world\u2019s work is done by people whose lives are a mass of futility and discontent.\u00a0 If you haven\u2019t learned yet, you had better learn now to work under the conditions of the world as it is.\u00a0 Therefore:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) All unwritten or unsubmitted written assignments will be averaged as a 0 in the computation of the course grade.\u00a0 No exceptions will be considered or granted.<\/p>\n

2) Weekly seminar papers fall due on the date announced by the instructor in class. They must be typed and submitted by email to me in either Microsoft Word or Adobe format prior to the start of the class for which they have been assigned.\u00a0 No physical copies of homework will be accepted or returned<\/u>.\u00a0 Since we will normally discuss these together in class on that date, it would clearly be unfair to those who submitted their work on time for me to accept \u2018late\u2019 work from those who were privy to our in-class discussion.\u00a0 Hence I will not accept \u2018late\u2019 submissions (even from those of you who may be physically absent during our discussion); however, \u2018early\u2019 submissions (i.e., before the start of class) are always welcome and will receive full credit.\u00a0 These exercises are graded using a scale \u221a+ = A-; \u221a = B-; \u221a- = D\/C; failure to submit = 0.<\/p>\n

3) For accounting purposes, letter grades bear the following values: A=95; A-=92; B=85; C+=78; C=75; D=65; F\/U=30.<\/p>\n

4) Since your diligent physical participation is critical for the success of this course, attendance at class meetings will be monitored by the instructor.\u00a0 One or two absences are regrettable; three (3) absences are the limit of tolerability.\u00a0 Four (4) or more absences will result in an automatic F for the course<\/u>.\u00a0 Please note that\u2014with the exception of religious holidays\u2014the instructor does not distinguish \u2018excused\u2019 from \u2018unexcused\u2019 absences.\u00a0 Unsanctioned late arrivals and early departures will be tallied as absences.<\/p>\n

5) Policy regarding Audits<\/u>: the instructor expects auditors (whether formally enrolled as such or not) to meet the same attendance, preparation, and oral participation standards as those students who are taking the course for credit.\u00a0 The instructor does not expect auditors to prepare and submit any written assignments.<\/p>\n

6) I do not post grades on Canvas or use it for grading.\u00a0 You can easily determine your own course progress (or lack thereof) by paying attention to number and quality of the grades you earn and performing the arithmetic required (using the equivalency tables listed above) to generate a \u2018rough\u2019 grade average.<\/p>\n

c. Assistance and solicitation of criticism is your right as a member of the class. It is not a privilege to be granted or withheld. Do not hesitate to request it nor wait too late in the course for it to be of help.<\/p>\n

d. The standards, requirements, and procedures set forth in this syllabus are subject to modification at any time by the course instructor.\u00a0 Notice of such changes will be by announcement in class, or by email, or by changes to this syllabus posted on Canvas or on my course website at https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/john-reeves\/course-materials\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

ROUGH COURSE OUTLINE<\/strong><\/p>\n

January 11<\/u>
\nFirst class (abbreviated)<\/p>\n

January 18<\/u>
\nIntroduction<\/p>\n

Required:
\n<\/strong>Joseph Henninger, \u201cSacrifice,\u201d in Lindsay Jones, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion<\/em> (2d ed.; 15 vols.; Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005), 12:7997-8008.\u00a0 [Archived under \u2018Files\u2019 on Canvas].
\nAlexandra Maryanski, \u201cThe Birth of the Gods: Robertson Smith and Durkheim\u2019s Turn to Religion as the Basis of Social Integration,\u201d Sociological Theory<\/em> 32 (2014): 352-76.\u00a0 [Archived under \u2018Files\u2019 on Canvas].
\nByung-Chul Han, The Disappearance of Rituals<\/em> (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2020), 1-46.\u00a0 [Access electronic version via Atkins Library<\/a>].<\/p>\n

January 25<\/u> (seminar paper #1)
\nWilliam Robertson Smith (1): The religious community<\/p>\n

Required:<\/strong>
\nSmith, Religion of the Semites<\/em>, Lectures 1-2 (pp. 1-83).<\/p>\n

February 1<\/u> (seminar paper #2)
\nWilliam Robertson Smith (2): Sanctuaries, temples, and shrines<\/p>\n

Required:<\/strong>
\nSmith, Religion of the Semites<\/em>, Lectures 3-5 (pp. 84-212).
\nAdditional Notes A, B, C, D (pp. 441-57).<\/p>\n

February 8<\/u> (seminar paper #3)
\nWilliam Robertson Smith (3): Sacrifice, part 1<\/p>\n

Required:
\n<\/strong>Smith, Religion of the Semites<\/em>, Lectures 6-8 (pp. 213-311).
\nAdditional Notes E, F, G (pp. 458-79).<\/p>\n

February 15<\/u> (seminar paper #4)
\nWilliam Robertson Smith (4): Sacrifice, part 2<\/p>\n

Required:
\n<\/strong>Smith, Religion of the Semites<\/em>, Lectures 9-11 (pp. 312-440).
\nAdditional Notes H, I, K, L, M (pp. 479-92).<\/p>\n

February 22<\/u> (seminar paper #5)
\nJames George Frazer (1): \u2018The King of the Wood\u2019<\/p>\n

Required:
\n<\/strong>Frazer, The Golden Bough<\/em>, Book I (pp. 9-219).<\/p>\n

February 29<\/u> (seminar paper #6)
\nJames George Frazer (2): \u2018Killing the God,\u2019 part 1<\/p>\n

Required:
\n<\/strong>Frazer, The Golden Bough<\/em>, Book II (pp. 223-386).<\/p>\n

March 14<\/u> (seminar paper #7)
\nJames George Frazer (3): \u2018Killing the God,\u2019 part 2<\/p>\n

Required:
\n<\/strong>Frazer, The Golden Bough<\/em>, Book II (pp. 387-554).<\/p>\n

March 21<\/u> (seminar paper #8)
\nJames George Frazer (4): \u2018The Scapegoat\u2019<\/p>\n

Required:
\n<\/strong>Frazer, The Golden Bough<\/em>, Book III (pp. 557-676).<\/p>\n

March 28<\/u> (seminar paper #9)
\nJames George Frazer (5): \u2018The Golden Bough\u2019<\/p>\n

Required:
\n<\/strong>Frazer, The Golden Bough<\/em>, Book IV (pp. 679-808).<\/p>\n

April 4<\/u> (seminar paper #10)
\nFrazerian readings of Grail literature (1)<\/p>\n

Required:
\n<\/strong>Weston, From Ritual to Romance<\/em>, chaps. 1-8 (pp. 1-112).<\/p>\n

April 11<\/u> (seminar paper #11)
\nFrazerian readings of Grail literature (2)<\/p>\n

Required:
\n<\/strong>Weston, From Ritual to Romance<\/em>, chaps. 9-14 (pp. 113-209).<\/p>\n

April 18<\/u> (seminar paper #12)
\nRepercussions for modernist thought<\/p>\n

Required:
\n<\/strong>Freud, Totem and Taboo<\/em> (entire).<\/p>\n

April 25<\/u>
\nStudent presentations<\/p>\n

A SUPPLEMENTAL BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR RELS 4000\/5000<\/strong><\/p>\n

WORKS ON SO-CALLED PRIMITIVE THOUGHT, RELIGION, AND THE RITUAL THEORY OF MYTH GENERALLY PERTINENT TO THE WORK OF SMITH AND FRAZER<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jan van Baal, \u201cMagic as a Religious Phenomenon,\u201d Higher Education and Research in the Netherlands<\/em> 7 (1963): 10-21.<\/p>\n

______, \u201cOffering, Sacrifice and Gift,\u201d Numen<\/em> 23 (1976): 161-78.<\/p>\n

Mary Beard, The Invention of Jane Harrison<\/em> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000).<\/p>\n

Franz Boas, \u201cThe Limitations of the Comparative Method of Anthropology,\u201d Science<\/em> n.s. 4, no. 103 (Dec. 18, 1896): 901-908.\u00a0 Reprinted in idem, Race, Language, and Culture<\/em> (New York: The Free Press, 1940), 270-80.<\/p>\n

______, \u201cThe Origin of Totemism,\u201d American Anthropologist<\/em> 18 (1916): 319-26.<\/p>\n

Jan N. Bremmer, \u201cThe Birth of the Term \u2018Magic\u2019,\u201d Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Papyrologie und Epigraphik<\/em> 126 (1999): 1-12.<\/p>\n

Peter Burke, \u201cStrengths and Weaknesses in the History of Mentalities,\u201d History of European Ideas<\/em> 7 (1986): 439-51.<\/p>\n

Walter Burkert, Savage Energies: Lessons of Myth and Ritual in Ancient Greece<\/em> (trans. Peter Bing; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).<\/p>\n

J. W. Burrow, Evolution and Society: A Study in Victorian Social Theory<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966).<\/p>\n

William M. Calder, ed., The Cambridge Ritualists Reconsidered<\/em> (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991).<\/p>\n

Stanley A. Cook, \u201cIsrael and Totemism,\u201d Jewish Quarterly Review<\/em> o.s. 14 (1902): 413-48.<\/p>\n

E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Theories of Primitive Religion<\/em> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965).<\/p>\n

Joseph Fontenrose, The Ritual Theory of Myth<\/em> (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966).<\/p>\n

Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo: Some Points of Agreement Between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics<\/em> (trans. James Strachey; New York: Norton, 1952).<\/p>\n

Theodore H. Gaster, Thespis: Ritual, Myth, and Drama in the Ancient Near East<\/em> (2d ed.; Garden City: Doubleday & Co., 1961).<\/p>\n

A. A. Goldenweiser, \u201cTotemism, An Analytic Study,\u201d Journal of American Folklore<\/em> 23 (1910): 179-293.<\/p>\n

S. H. Hooke, \u201cHebrew Mythology,\u201d in his Middle Eastern Mythology<\/em> (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963), 103-60.<\/p>\n

______, ed., The Labyrinth: Further Essays in the Relation between Myth and Ritual in the Ancient World<\/em> (London\/New York: SPCK\/Macmillan, 1935).<\/p>\n

______, ed., Myth and Ritual: Essays on the Myth and Ritual of the Hebrews in Relation to the Culture Pattern of the Ancient East<\/em> (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1933).<\/p>\n

______, ed., Myth, Ritual, and Kingship: Essays on the Theory and Practice of Kingship in the Ancient Near East and in Israel<\/em> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958).<\/p>\n

Robin Horton, Patterns of Thought in Africa and the West: Essays on Magic, Religion, and Science<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).<\/p>\n

Robin Horton and Ruth Finnegan, eds., Modes of Thought: Essays on Thinking in Western and Non-Western Societies<\/em> (London: Faber, 1973).<\/p>\n

Stanley Edgar Hyman, \u201cThe Ritual View of Myth and the Mythic,\u201d in Thomas A. Sebeok, ed., Myth: A Symposium<\/em> (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1958), 136-53.<\/p>\n

Sarah Iles Johnston, \u201cDescribing the Undefinable: New Books on Magic and Old Problems of Definition,\u201d History of Religions<\/em> 43 (2003): 50-54.<\/p>\n

Robert Alun Jones, The Secret of the Totem: Religion and Society from McLennan to Freud<\/em> (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005).<\/p>\n

Hans G. Kippenberg, Discovering Religious History in the Modern Age<\/em> (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002).\u00a0 See esp. pp. 51-112.<\/p>\n

Clyde Kluckhohn, \u201cMyth and Ritual: A General Theory,\u201d Harvard Theological Review<\/em> 35 (1942): 45-79.<\/p>\n

Adam Kuper, The Invention of Primitive Society: Transformations of an Illusion<\/em> (London and New York: Routledge, 1988).<\/p>\n

Henrika Kuklick, The Savage Within: The Social History of British Anthropology, 1885-1945<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).<\/p>\n

Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss, The Savage Mind<\/em> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966).<\/p>\n

Lucien L\u00e9vy-Bruhl, Primitive Mentality<\/em> (trans. Lilian A. Clare; New York: Macmillan, 1923; repr., Boston: Beacon Press, 1966).<\/p>\n

G. E. R. Lloyd, Demystifying<\/em> Mentalities<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).<\/p>\n

Bronislaw Malinowski, Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays<\/em> (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1948).<\/p>\n

David R. Olson and Nancy Torrance, eds., Modes of Thought: Explorations in Culture and Cognition<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).<\/p>\n

Daniel L. Pals, \u201cAnimism and Magic: E. B. Tylor and J. G. Frazer,\u201d in his Seven Theories of Religion<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 16-53.<\/p>\n

Sandra J. Peacock, Jane Ellen Harrison: The Mask and the Self<\/em> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988).<\/p>\n

Hans H. Penner, \u201cRationality, Ritual, and Science,\u201d in Jacob Neusner, et al., eds., Religion, Science, and Magic: In Concert and in Conflict<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 11-24.<\/p>\n

Robert Redfield, The Primitive World and its Transformations<\/em> (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1953).<\/p>\n

Marshall Sahlins, How \u201cNatives\u201d Think: About Captain Cook, For Example<\/em> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).<\/p>\n

Robert A. Segal, \u201cIn Defense of the Comparative Method,\u201d Numen<\/em> 48 (2001): 339-73.<\/p>\n

______, The Myth and Ritual Theory: An Anthology<\/em> (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998).<\/p>\n

______, \u201cThe Myth and Ritual Theory: An Overview,\u201d Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy<\/em> 6 (1997): 1-18.<\/p>\n

______, \u201cThe Myth-Ritualist Theory of Religion,\u201d Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion<\/em> 19 (1980): 173-85.<\/p>\n

Jonathan Z. Smith, \u201cAdde Parvum Parvo Magnus Acervus Erit,\u201d in his Map is Not Territory: Studies in the History of Religions<\/em> (Leiden: Brill, 1978), 240-64.<\/p>\n

______, \u201cI am a Parrot (Red),\u201d in his Map is Not Territory: Studies in the History of Religions<\/em> (Leiden: Brill, 1978), 265-88.<\/p>\n

George W. Stocking, Jr., Victorian Anthropology<\/em> (New York: Free Press, 1987).<\/p>\n

Stanley J. Tambiah, Culture, Thought, and Social Action: An Anthropological Perspective<\/em> (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985).<\/p>\n

______, Magic, Science, Religion, and the Scope of Rationality<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).<\/p>\n

Edward B. Tylor, \u201cOne Method of Investigating the Development of Institutions,\u201d Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland<\/em> 18 (1889): 245-72.<\/p>\n

______, Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art, and Custom<\/em> (2 vols.; 2d ed.; London: John Murray, 1873).<\/p>\n

______, \u201cRemarks on Totemism, with Especial Reference to Some Modern Theories Respecting It,\u201d Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland<\/em> 28 (1899): 138-48.<\/p>\n

H. S. Versnel, \u201cSome Reflections on the Relationship Magic-Religion,\u201d Numen<\/em> 38 (1991): 175-97.<\/p>\n

Jessie L. Weston, From Ritual to Romance<\/em> (Cambridge: The University Press, 1920).<\/p>\n

Marjorie Wheeler-Barclay, The Science of Religion in Britain, 1860-1915<\/em> (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2010).<\/p>\n

Bryan R. Wilson, ed., Rationality<\/em> (Evanston: Harper & Row, 1970).<\/p>\n

Robert Yelle, \u201cFrom Sovereignty to Solidarity: Some Transformations in the Politics of Sacrifice from the Reformation to Robertson Smith,\u201d History of Religions<\/em> 58 (2019): 319-53.<\/p>\n

WILLIAM ROBERTSON SMITH BIBLIOGRAPHY<\/strong><\/p>\n

Primary<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cBible,\u201d in Encyclopaedia Britannica<\/em> (9th ed.; 25 vols.; New York: C. Scribner\u2019s Sons, 1878-89), 3:634-48.<\/p>\n

\u201cCtesias and the Semiramis Legend,\u201d English Historical Review<\/em> 2 (1887): 303-17.<\/p>\n

\u201cHebrew Language and Literature,\u201d in Encyclopaedia Britannica<\/em> (9th ed.; 25 vols.; New York: C. Scribner\u2019s Sons, 1878-89), 11:531-38.<\/p>\n

Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia <\/em>(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1885; new ed. by Stanley A. Cook, London: Adam and Charles Black, 1903).<\/p>\n

Lectures and Essays of William Robertson Smith<\/em> (ed. John Sutherland Black and George Chrystal; London: Adam and Charles Black, 1912).<\/p>\n

Lectures on the Religion of the Semites, First Series: The Fundamental Institutions<\/em> (Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1889; new rev. ed., London: A. & C. Black, 1894; 3d rev. and enlarged ed. by Stanley A. Cook, London: A. & C. Black, 1927).<\/p>\n

Lectures on the Religion of the Semites, Second and Third Series<\/em> (JSOTSuppl 183; ed. John Day; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995).<\/p>\n

The Old Testament in the Jewish Church: Twelve Essays on Biblical Criticism <\/em>(Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1881; 2d rev. ed., London: A. and C. Black, 1892, 1895, etc.).<\/p>\n

The Prophets of Israel and Their Place in History to the Close of the Eighth Century B.C.: Eight Lectures <\/em>(Edinburgh, 1882; repr., New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1892, etc.).<\/p>\n

\u201cSacrifice,\u201d in Encyclopaedia Britannica<\/em> (9th ed.; 25 vols.; New York: C. Scribner\u2019s Sons, 1878-89), 21:132-38.<\/p>\n

Secondary<\/em><\/p>\n

Robert Ackerman, \u201cWilliam Robertson Smith and J. G. Frazer: \u2018Genuit Frazerum\u2019?\u201d Journal of Scottish Thought<\/em> 1 (2008): 63-77.<\/p>\n

Gillian M. Bediako, Primal Religion and the Bible: William Robertson Smith and his Heritage<\/em> (JSOTSuppl 246; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997).<\/p>\n

T. O. Beidelman, William Robertson Smith and the Sociological Study of Religion<\/em> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974).<\/p>\n

John Sutherland Black and George Chrystal, The Life of William Robertson Smith<\/em> (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1912).<\/p>\n

Gordon Kempt Booth, \u201cThe Fruits of Sacrifice: Sigmund Freud and William Robertson Smith,\u201d The Expository Times<\/em> 113 (2002): 258-64.<\/p>\n

______, \u201cComrades in Adversity: Richard Burton and William Robertson Smith,\u201d Victorian Literature and Culture<\/em> 37 (2009): 275-84.<\/p>\n

F. C. Burkitt, \u201cWilliam Robertson Smith,\u201d The English Historical Review<\/em> 9 (1894): 684-89.<\/p>\n

Stanley A. Cook, \u201cIntroduction,\u201d in Lectures on the Religion of the Semites: The Fundamental Institutions<\/em> (3d ed.; London: A. & C. Black Ltd., 1927), xxvii-lxiv.<\/p>\n

James G. Frazer, \u201cWilliam Robertson Smith,\u201d Fortnightly Review<\/em> n.s. 55 (1894): 800-807; reprinted in his Sir Roger de Coverley<\/em> (London: Macmillan, 1920), 194-209; and in his The Gorgon\u2019s Head and Other Literary Pieces<\/em> (London: Macmillan, 1927), 278-90.\u00a0 For a personal reminiscence, see his letter of December 15, 1897 to John F. White as published in Selected Letters of Sir J. G. Frazer<\/em> (ed. Robert Ackerman; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 102-11.<\/p>\n

Frank A. Gosling, \u201cWilliam Robertson Smith: A Paradigm for Exegesis?\u201d Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament<\/em> 11 (1997): 223-31.<\/p>\n

Cornelis Houtman, \u201cAbraham Kuenen and William Robertson Smith: Their Correspondence,\u201d Nederlandsch archief voor kerkgeschiedenis<\/em> 80 (2000): 221-40.<\/p>\n

Joseph Jacobs, \u201cRecent Research in Comparative Religion: Review of Lectures on the Religion of the Semites<\/em>, by William Robertson Smith,\u201d Folk-Lore<\/em> 1 (1890): 384-97.<\/p>\n

William Johnstone, ed., William Robertson Smith: Essays in Reassessment<\/em> (JSOTSuppl 189; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995).<\/p>\n

Robert Alun Jones, \u201cDurkheim, Frazer, and Smith: The Role of Analogies and Exemplars in the Development of Durkheim\u2019s Sociology of Religion,\u201d American Journal of Sociology<\/em> 92 (1986): 596-627.<\/p>\n

______, \u201cRobertson Smith and James Frazier on Religion: Two Traditions in British Social Anthropology,\u201d in George W. Stocking, Jr., ed., Functionalism Historicized: Essays on British Social Anthropology<\/em> (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 31-58.<\/p>\n

______, \u201cRobertson Smith, Durkheim, and Sacrifice: An Historical Context for The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life,\u201d Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences<\/em> 17 (1981): 184-205.<\/p>\n

Dietrich Jung, \u201cSociology, Protestant Theology, and the Concept of Modern Religion: William Robertson Smith and the \u2018Scientification\u2019 of Religion,\u201d Journal of Religion in Europe<\/em> 8 (2015): 335-64.<\/p>\n

Herman Kogan, The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopaedia Britannica<\/em> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), 172-78.\u00a0 (for Smith\u2019s work as editor for ninth edition)<\/p>\n

J. P. Lilley, \u201cWillam Robertson Smith: Recollections of a Fellow Student,\u201d Expositor<\/em>, 8th<\/sup> ser., no. 115 (July 1920): 61-75.<\/p>\n

David N. Livingstone, \u201cOriental Travel, Arabian Kinship and Ritual Sacrifice: William Robertson Smith and the Fundamental Institutions,\u201d Environment and Planning D: Society and Space<\/em> 22 (2004): 639-57.<\/p>\n

______, \u201cPublic Spectacle and Scientific Theory: William Robertson Smith and the Reading of Evolution in Victorian Scotland,\u201d Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences <\/em>35 (2004): 1-29.<\/p>\n

Bernhard Maier, \u201cBetween Pietism and Totemism: The Old Testament in the Letters of William Robertson Smith,\u201d in Grant Macaskill, Christl M. Maier, and Joachim Schaper, eds., Congress Volume Aberdeen 2019<\/em> (VTSuppl 192; Leiden: Brill, 2022), 204-22.<\/p>\n

______, William Robertson Smith: His Life, his Work and his Times<\/em> (Forschungen zum Alten Testament 67; T\u00fcbingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2009).<\/p>\n

______, \u201cWilliam Robertson Smith, Solomon Schechter and Contemporary Judaism,\u201d Jewish Historical Studies<\/em> 48 (2016): 64-73.<\/p>\n

Alexandra Maryanski, \u201cThe Birth of the Gods: Robertson Smith and Durkheim\u2019s Turn to Religion as the Basis of Social Integration,\u201d Sociological Theory<\/em> 32 (2014): 352-76.<\/p>\n

Norman McLean, \u201cDr. Robertson Smith at Cambridge,\u201d The Expositor<\/em> 4th ser., vol. 9 (1894): 462-72.<\/p>\n

John W. Rogerson, The Bible and Criticism in Victorian England: Profiles of F.D. Maurice and William Robertson Smith<\/em> (JSOTSuppl 201; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995), 56-179.<\/p>\n

S. D. F. Salmond, \u201cProfessor William Robertson Smith,\u201d Expository Times<\/em> 5 (1893-94): 356-61.<\/p>\n

Robert A. Segal, \u201cWilliam Robertson Smith: Sociologist or Theologian?\u201d Religion<\/em> 38 (2008): 9-24.<\/p>\n

Margit Warburg, \u201cWilliam Robertson Smith and the Study of Religion,\u201d Religion<\/em> 19 (1989): 41-61.<\/p>\n

Marjorie Wheeler-Barclay, \u201cVictorian Evangelicalism and the Sociology of Religion: The Career of William Robertson Smith,\u201d Journal of the History of Ideas<\/em> 54 (1993): 59-78.<\/p>\n

JAMES G. FRAZER BIBLIOGRAPHY<\/strong><\/p>\n

Primary<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cAncient Stories of a Great Flood,\u201d Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland<\/em> 46 (1916): 231-83.<\/p>\n

Apollodorus: The Library<\/em> (Loeb Classical Library; 2 vols.; London: W. Heinemann, 1921).<\/p>\n

The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead<\/em> (3 vols.; London: Macmillan, 1913).<\/p>\n

Creation and Evolution in Primitive Cosmogonies and Other Pieces<\/em> (London: Macmillan, 1935).<\/p>\n

The Fear of the Dead in Primitive Religion<\/em> (London: Macmillan, 1933).<\/p>\n

\u201cFolk-Lore in the Old Testament,\u201d in Anthropological Essays Presented to Edward Burnett Tylor<\/em> (ed. N. W. Thomas; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1907), 101-74.<\/p>\n

Folk-Lore in the Old Testament<\/em> (3 vols.; London: Macmillan, 1918).<\/p>\n

Garnered Sheaves<\/em> (London: Macmillan, 1931).<\/p>\n

The Golden Bough<\/em> (2 vols.; London: Macmillan, 1890; 2d ed., 3 vols., 1900; 3d ed., 12 vols., 1911-15; abridged ed., 1922).<\/p>\n

The Gorgon\u2019s Head and Other Literary Pieces<\/em> (London: Macmillan, 1927).<\/p>\n

Lectures on the Early History of the Kingship<\/em> (London: Macmillan, 1905).<\/p>\n

Ovid\u2019s Fasti<\/em> (Loeb Classical Library; London: W. Heinemann, 1931).<\/p>\n

\u201cOn Certain Burial Customs as Illustrative of the Primitive Theory of the Soul,\u201d Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland<\/em> 15 (1886): 64-104.<\/p>\n

Pausanias\u2019s Description of Greece<\/em> (6 vols.; London: Macmillan, 1898).<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Prytaneum, the Temple of Vesta, the Vestals, Perpetual Fires,\u201d Journal of Philology<\/em> 14 (1885): 145-72.<\/p>\n

Psyche\u2019s Task<\/em> (London: Macmillan, 1909).<\/p>\n

Publii Ovidii Nasonis Fastorum libri sex: The Fasti of Ovid<\/em> (6 vols.; London: Macmillan, 1929).<\/p>\n

The Scope of Social Anthropology<\/em> (London: Macmillan, 1908).<\/p>\n

\u201cSome Popular Superstitions of the Ancients,\u201d Folk-Lore<\/em> 1 (1890): 145-71.<\/p>\n

\u201cTaboo,\u201d in Encyclopaedia Britannica<\/em> (9th ed.; 25 vols.; New York: C. Scribner\u2019s Sons, 1878-89), 23:15-18.<\/p>\n

\u201cTotemism,\u201d Encyclopaedia Britannica<\/em> (9th ed.; 25 vols.; New York: C. Scribner\u2019s Sons, 1878-89), 23:467-76.<\/p>\n

Totemism<\/em> (Edinburgh: A. & C. Black, 1887).<\/p>\n

Totemism and Exogamy<\/em> (4 vols.; London: Macmillan, 1910).<\/p>\n

The Worship of Nature<\/em> (London: Macmillan, 1926).<\/p>\n

Secondary<\/em><\/p>\n

Robert Ackerman, \u201cFrazer on Myth and Ritual,\u201d Journal of the History of Ideas<\/em> 36 (1975): 115-34.<\/p>\n

______, \u201cJ. G. Frazer and the Jews,\u201d Religion<\/em> 22 (1992): 135-60.<\/p>\n

______, J. G. Frazer: His Life and Work<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).<\/p>\n

______, The Myth and Ritual School: J. G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists<\/em> (New York: Garland, 1991; repr., New York and London: Routledge, 2002).<\/p>\n

______, ed., Selected Letters of Sir J. G. Frazer<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).<\/p>\n

Mary Beard, \u201cFrazer, Leach, and Virgil: The Popularity (and Unpopularity) of The Golden Bough<\/em>,\u201d Comparative Studies in Society and History<\/em> 34 (1992): 203-24.<\/p>\n

Theodore Besterman, A Bibliography of Sir James George Frazer<\/em> (London: Macmillan, 1934).<\/p>\n

William M. Calder, \u201cThe German Reception of J. G. Frazer: An Unpublished Document,\u201d Quaderni di Storia<\/em> 33 (1991): 135-43; reprinted in his Men in Their Books: Studies in the Modern History of Classical Scholarship<\/em> (Zurich and New York: Olms, 1998), 197-203.<\/p>\n

Arthur Bernard Cook, \u201cThe Golden Bough and the Rex Nemorensis,\u201d Classical Review<\/em> 16 (1902): 365-80.<\/p>\n

______, \u201cZeus, Jupiter and the Oak,\u201d Classical Review<\/em> 17 (1903): 174-86; 268-78; 403-21; 18 (1904): 75-89; 325-28; 360-75.<\/p>\n

______, \u201cThe European Sky-God,\u201d Folk-Lore<\/em> 15 (1904): 264-315; 369-426; 16 (1905): 260-332; 462; 17 (1906): 27-71; 141-73; 308-48; 427-53; 18 (1907): 24-53.<\/p>\n

Mary Douglas, \u201cJudgments on James Frazer,\u201d Daedalus<\/em> 107 (1978): 151-64.<\/p>\n

P. W. Filby, \u201cLife Under the Golden Bough,\u201d Gazette of the Grolier Club<\/em> 13 (1970): 31-38.<\/p>\n

Robert Fraser, The Making of the Golden Bough: The Origins and Growth of an Argument<\/em> (New York: St. Martin\u2019s Press, 1990).<\/p>\n

______, ed., Sir James Frazer and the Literary Imagination: Essays in Affinity and Influence<\/em> (New York: St. Martin\u2019s Press, 1991).<\/p>\n

J. Rendel Harris, \u201cNotes from Armenia, in Illustration of The Golden Bough<\/em>,\u201d Folk-Lore<\/em> 15 (1904): 427-46.<\/p>\n

Robin Horton, \u201cBack to Frazer?\u201d in his Patterns of Thought in Africa and the West: Essays on Magic, Religion, and Science<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 105-37.<\/p>\n

I. C. Jarvie, \u201cAcademic Fashions and Grandfather Killing\u2014In Defense of Frazer,\u201d Encounter<\/em> 26 (April 1966): 53-55.<\/p>\n

______, The Revolution in Anthropology<\/em> (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964).<\/p>\n

Andrew Lang, Magic and Religion<\/em> (London: Longmans, Green, 1901).<\/p>\n

Edmund R. Leach, \u201cGolden Bough or Gilded Twig?\u201d Daedalus<\/em> 90 (1961): 371-99.<\/p>\n

______, \u201cOn the Founding Fathers: Frazer and Malinowski,\u201d Encounter<\/em> 25 (1965): 24-36; reprinted in Current Anthropology<\/em> 7 (1966): 560-67.<\/p>\n

Robert H. Lowie, \u201cMagic,\u201d in his Primitive Religion<\/em> (New York: Liveright, 1952), 136-52.<\/p>\n

Sabine MacCormack, \u201cMagic and the Human Mind: A Reconsideration of Frazer\u2019s Golden Bough<\/em>,\u201d Arethusa<\/em> 17 (1984): 151-76.<\/p>\n

Bernard McKenna, \u201cIsolation and the Sense of Assumed Superiority in Sir James Frazer\u2019s The Golden Bough<\/em>,\u201d Nineteenth-Century Prose<\/em> 19 (1992): 49-59.<\/p>\n

Bronislaw Malinowski, \u201cSir James George Frazer: A Biographical Appreciation,\u201d in his A Scientific Theory of Culture and Other Essays<\/em> (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944), 177-221.<\/p>\n

Mark Manganaro, \u201cThe \u2018Tangled Bank\u2019 Revisited: Anthropological Authority in Frazer\u2019s The Golden Bough<\/em>,\u201d Yale Journal of Criticism<\/em> 3 (1989): 107-26.<\/p>\n

R. R. Marett, \u201cFrom Spell to Prayer,\u201d Folk-Lore<\/em> 15 (1904): 132-65; reprinted in his The Threshold of Religion<\/em> (London: Methuen, 1909), 33-84.<\/p>\n

______, \u201cSir James George Frazer, 1854-1941,\u201d Proceedings of the British Academy<\/em> 27 (1941): 377-91.<\/p>\n

Tryggve N. D. Mettinger, The Riddle of Resurrection: \u201cDying and Rising Gods\u201d in the Ancient Near East<\/em> (Lund, 2001; repr., Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2013).<\/p>\n

David Parkin, \u201cNemi in the Modern World: Return of the Exotic?\u201d Man<\/em> n.s. 28 (1993): 79-99.<\/p>\n

Marty Roth, \u201cSir James Frazer\u2019s The Golden Bough<\/em>: A Reading Lesson,\u201d in Mark Manganaro, ed., Modernist Anthropology: From Fieldwork to Text<\/em> (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 69-79.<\/p>\n

Jonathan Z. Smith, \u201cDying and Rising Gods,\u201d Encyclopaedia of Religion<\/em> 4:521-26.<\/p>\n

______, \u201cWhen the Bough Breaks,\u201d in his Map is Not Territory: Studies in the History of Religions<\/em> (Leiden: Brill, 1978), 208-39.<\/p>\n

John B. Vickery, The Literary Impact of the Golden Bough<\/em> (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973).<\/p>\n

Ludwig Wittgenstein, The Mythology in our Language: Remarks on Frazer\u2019s Golden Bough<\/em> (trans. Stephan Palmi\u00e9; ed. Giovanni da Col and Stephan Palmi\u00e9; Chicago: HAU Books, 2018).<\/p>\n

JESSIE L. WESTON BIBLIOGRAPHY<\/strong><\/p>\n

Janet Grayson, \u201cIn Quest of Jessie Weston,\u201d Arthurian Literature<\/em> 11 (1992): 1-80.<\/p>\n

William A. Nitze, \u201cThe Fisher King in the Grail Romances,\u201d Publications of the Modern Language Association<\/em> 24 (1909): 365-418.<\/p>\n

Leon Surette, \u201cThe Waste Land<\/em> and Jessie Weston: A Reassessment,\u201d Twentieth Century Literature<\/em> 34 (1988): 223-44.<\/p>\n

Jessie L. Weston, The Legend of Sir Lancelot du Lac<\/em> (Grimm Library 12; London: David Nutt, 1901).<\/p>\n

______, The Legend of Sir Perceval: Studies upon its Origin, Development, and Position in the Arthurian Cycle<\/em> (Grimm Library 17, 19; 2 vols.; London: David Nutt, 1906-1909).<\/p>\n

______, \u201cThe Grail and the Rites of Adonis,\u201d Folklore<\/em> 18 (1907): 283-305.<\/p>\n

Wolframs von Eschenbach, Parzifal, A Knightly Epic<\/em> (2 vols.; trans. Jessie L. Weston; London: David Nutt, 1894).<\/p>\n

Juliette Wood, \u201cThe Holy Grail: From Romance Motif to Modern Genre,\u201d Folklore<\/em> 111 (2000): 169-90.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Note Prov 15:28: \u05dc\u05d1 \u05e6\u05d3\u05d9\u05e7 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d2\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e2\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e8\u05e9\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2 \u05e8\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea, which I\u2019m inclined to render as \u2018the mind of the devoted (student) contemplates before answering, whereas the mouth of the clueless spews forth worthless nonsense.\u2019<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

RELS 4000\/5000 Blood, Guts, and Gore: Ritual and Its Discontents R 2:30-5:15 Dr. John C. Reeves 204B Macy Office hours: send an email to jcreeves@charlotte.edu https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/john-reeves\/ Course description:\u00a0 This course centers upon the close reading of two primary sources authored by two enormously influential Victorian era scholars of religion, William Robertson Smith\u2019s Lectures on the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":454,"featured_media":0,"parent":31,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1948","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P3kl1F-vq","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/john-reeves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1948","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/john-reeves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/john-reeves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/john-reeves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/454"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/john-reeves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1948"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/john-reeves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1948\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1964,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/john-reeves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1948\/revisions\/1964"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/john-reeves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/john-reeves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1948"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}