{"id":59,"date":"2012-11-14T19:33:29","date_gmt":"2012-11-14T19:33:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/vasily-astratov\/?page_id=59"},"modified":"2013-04-05T18:19:44","modified_gmt":"2013-04-05T18:19:44","slug":"opti-61038103-light-sources-detectors","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/vasily-astratov\/courses\/opti-61038103-light-sources-detectors\/","title":{"rendered":"OPTI 6103\/8103: Light Sources & Detectors"},"content":{"rendered":"

Instructor:<\/strong> Vasily N. Astratov
\nOffice:<\/strong> Grigg 332 (lab, Grigg 349)
\nPhone:<\/strong> 704-687-8131
\nE-mail:<\/strong>\u00a0astratov@uncc.edu
\nWebpage:<\/strong>\u00a0http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/vasily-astratov\/<\/a>
\n<\/a>Office hours:<\/strong>\u00a0TBD<\/p>\n

Prerequisite<\/h3>\n

<\/strong>Physics students should be enrolled in Optical Science and Engineering or Applied Physics programs, ECE students are welcome to take this course<\/p>\n

Lecture<\/h3>\n

Thu 5:00 \u2013 7:30pm, Grigg 131<\/p>\n

Subjects covered<\/h3>\n

principles of lasers, semiconductor lasers and light emitting diodes, optical detection and detectors, modulation and deflection of optical beams, photonic crystals and microresonators<\/em><\/p>\n

Mid-term exam on Thursday, October 21, 5:00-7:30pm.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Text<\/h3>\n

<\/strong>Final selection of the main text will be done in the beginning of the Fall semester. Here is the list of texts which are currently under consideration.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Fundamentals of Photonics by B.E.A. Saleh and M.L. Teich, John Wiley & Sons, 1991 or later edition.<\/li>\n
  2. Elements of Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics by Chin-Lin Chen, Irwin, 1996<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Grading<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Homework<\/td>\n30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Midterm<\/td>\n25%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Final<\/td>\n25%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Presentation<\/td>\n20%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    A\u00a0\u2265\u00a090; 80\u00a0\u2264\u00a0B\u00a0\u2264\u00a089; 70\u00a0\u2264\u00a0C\u00a0\u2264\u00a079; U < 70<\/p>\n

    Class attendance<\/h3>\n

    Attendance of all lectures, exams and presentation session is expected. If you have to miss an exam because of illness or other circumstances beyond your control please notify the instructor in advance. Only in this case you may be given a make-up test. This can be made only once. There is no make-up for a missed presentation.<\/p>\n

    Academic integrity<\/h3>\n

    <\/strong>Students have the responsibility to know and observe the requirements of The UNC Charlotte Code of Student Academic Integrity. The standards of academic integrity will be enforced in this course. The code forbids cheating, fabrication or falsification of information, multiple submissions of academic work, plagiarism, abuse of academic materials, and complicity in academic dishonesty. You may work with study partners and discuss the subject matter with them. However, each student is individually responsible for his\/her tests, papers, and reports. The UNC Charlotte Code of Student Academic Integrity is published in the current University Catalog.<\/p>\n

    Motivation<\/h3>\n

    Sources and detectors of light are important components of practically any optical system.\u00a0The area of photonics and optoelectronics has been created with the invention of lasers in 1960s and with the realization of low-loss optical fibers in 1970. These developments have resulted in\u00a0creating modern information technology and Internet. This has been achieved with many breakthroughs in physics and technology of light sources and detectors. The examples include development of systems with quantum size quantization (quantum wells, wires and dots), distributed feedback and VCSEL lasers and other structures and devices. By understanding and engineering the materials and structures used for generating and detecting light one can achieve ultimate goals of modern photonics and optoelectronics – integration of electronics and optics at a level where new physical phenomena are observed, and new functionality is created – functionality not possible with electrons or electromagnetic waves separated.<\/p>\n

    Course Outline<\/h3>\n

    <\/strong>This is only a preliminary course description, some topics can be modified or new topics can be added, the depth and coverage scope of various topics may vary.<\/p>\n

    1. Principles of Lasers<\/p>\n

    The nature of light, blackbody radiation, photons, quantized energy levels, emission and absorption of light, optical amplifiers, optical resonators, lasers, continuum and pulsed lasers, selected gaseous and solid-state systems.<\/p>\n

    2. Semiconductor Lasers and Diodes<\/p>\n

    Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, light-matter interaction, ternary and quaternary semiconductors, heterostructures, quantum wells, wires and dots, homojunctions and heterojunctions, light emitting diodes, injection lasers, distributed feedback lasers and vertical cavity surface emitting (VCSEL) lasers.<\/p>\n

    3. Optical Detectors<\/p>\n

    Thermal detectors and photon detectors, quantum efficiency of semiconductor detectors, photoconductors, photovoltaic detectors, PIN diodes, avalance photodiodes, noise and noise equivalent power.<\/p>\n

    4. Modulators and Deflectors<\/p>\n

    State of polarization, acoustooptic, electrooptic and magnetooptic effects, Faraday rotation and magnetooptic modulators, index ellipsoid, linear electrooptic effect, electrooptic modulators, acoustooptic modulators and deflectors, Raman-Nath and Bragg diffraction.<\/p>\n

    5. Photonic Crystals and Microresonators<\/p>\n

    Wave propagation in periodic systems, 1D\/2D\/3D crystal examples, photonic band gap, control of emission, dielectric microspheres and their optical properties.<\/p>\n

    Home Works<\/h3>\n

    Note<\/em>: Write down equations if any and solve in detail. Also clearly state if any assumptions or approximations are used in solution. Make diagrams where appropriate.<\/p>\n

    Home Work 1
    \n<\/strong>Due Date: \u00a0September 14<\/p>\n

    Click at this link to get the end of Chapter 3 problems from Chin-Lin Chen book<\/a>:<\/p>\n

    Problem #2 (Chapter 3)
    \nProblem #4 (Chapter 3)
    \nProblem #5 (Chapter 3)
    \nProblem #8 (Chapter 3)
    \nProblem #10 (Chapter 3)<\/p>\n

    Home Work 2
    \n<\/strong>Due Date: \u00a0September 27<\/p>\n

    Click at this link to get the end of Chapter 3 problems from Chin-Lin Chen book<\/a>:<\/p>\n

    Problem #13 (Chapter 3)
    \nProblem #15 (Chapter 3)
    \nProblem #17 (Chapter 3)
    \nProblem #21 (Chapter 3)<\/p>\n

    Home Work 3
    \n<\/strong>Due Date: \u00a0October 11<\/p>\n

    Click at this link to get the end of Chapter 4 problems from Chin-Lin Chen book:<\/a><\/p>\n

    Note: Write down equations if any and solve in detail. Also clearly state if any assumptions or approximations are used in solutions. Make diagrams when appropriate.<\/p>\n

    1. An electron in free space has its kinetic energy equal to\u00a0\u01272<\/sup>k2<\/sup>\/(2me<\/sub>). Calculate the ration of free-space to crystal momentum of an electron in GaAs for:<\/p>\n

    (a) Conduction band
    \n(b) Valence band<\/p>\n

    2. \u00a0 \u00a0(a) In GaAs what electron density must be put into the conduction band to fill the band to\u00a0DE<\/span>c<\/sub>=0.005 eV above its band-edge at T=0o<\/sup>\u00a0K.<\/p>\n

    (b) If a 1 mm3<\/sup>\u00a0GaAs sample is used, and each electron has 1 ns life-time in conduction band, how many electrons must be injected per second to maintain the population constant, and what current this corresponds to?<\/p>\n

    3. \u00a0Problem #\u00a01\u00a0 (Chapter 4)<\/p>\n

    4. \u00a0Problem #\u00a05\u00a0 (Chapter 4)<\/p>\n

    5. \u00a0Problem #\u00a08\u00a0 (Chapter 4)<\/p>\n

    6. \u00a0Problem #\u00a010\u00a0(Chapter 4)<\/p>\n

    Home Work 4
    \n<\/strong>Due Date: \u00a0November 8<\/p>\n

    1. Problem # 4 (Chapter 5)<\/p>\n

    2. Problem # 5 (Chapter 5)<\/p>\n

    3. A pn-junction detector has a quantum efficiency\u00a0of 50% at a wavelength of 0.9 micron.<\/p>\n

    (a) What is the responsivity at the wavelength of 0.9 micron?
    \n(b) What is the maximum possible size of the bandgap of the material?
    \n(c) Based on your answer to part b, make a sketch of the responsivity of this detector as\u00a0a function of wavelength between 0.1 and 1.5 micron (assume that the energy of the photon with the wavelength\u00a00.9\u00a0micron corresponds to the bandgap).<\/p>\n

    4. Using Internet or any other sources find the absorption spectrum (absorption coefficient\u00a0versus wavelength) for Ge at room temperature. Calculate the optimum thickness (assume 90% absorption in the intrinsic region) of the intrinsic layer for a Ge pin diode for operation at<\/p>\n

    (a) Wavelength of\u00a00.6\u00a0micron
    \n(b) Wavelength of\u00a01.2\u00a0micron
    \n(c) Wavelength of\u00a01.8\u00a0micron
    \n(d) What is the responsivity for each of these detectors?<\/p>\n

    Plus 4 additional problems<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

    Problem 1<\/strong>. \u00a0The concentration of charge carriers in a sample of intrinsic Si is\u00a0n<\/em>i<\/sub>\u00a0= 2.5 x 1010<\/sup>\u00a0cm-3<\/sup>\u00a0and the recombination lifetime is\u00a0t<\/em>c<\/sub>\u00a0= 10microsecond. If the material is illuminated with light, and an optical power density\u00a0of 10 mW\/cm3<\/sup>\u00a0at lyamda\u00a0= 1 micron\u00a0is absorbed by the material, determine how much the increase in its conductivity is. The quantum efficiency is equal to\u00a0 0.7.<\/p>\n

    Problem 2.<\/strong>\u00a0 For a particular PIN photodiode, a pulse of light containing 9 x 1012<\/sup>\u00a0incident photons at wavelength of 1.55 micron gives rise to, on average, 3 x 1012<\/sup>\u00a0electrons collected at the terminals of the device. Determine the quantum efficiency and current\u00a0responsivity\u00a0of the photodiode at this wavelength.<\/p>\n

    Problem 3.<\/strong>\u00a0 A conventional avalanche photodiode (APD) with gain\u00a0M<\/em>\u00a0= 30 operates at a wavelength of 1.55\u00a0m<\/em>m. If its current\u00a0responsivity\u00a0at this wavelength is equal to 12 A\/W, calculate its quantum efficiency. What is the photocurrent at the output of the device if a photon flux\u00a0F<\/em>\u00a0=\u00a02 x 1010<\/sup>photons\/s, at this same wavelength,\u00a0is incident on it?<\/p>\n

    Problem 4.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>a) Assume that the ionization rates for electrons and holes are equal for APD, if applied voltage is\u00a0V<\/em>\u00a0= 0.95\u00a0V<\/em>B<\/sub>, where\u00a0V<\/em>B<\/sub>\u00a0~\u00a0L<\/em>-1\/3<\/sup>\u00a0\u2013 breakdown voltage (where\u00a0L<\/em>\u00a0= 10 micron \u2013 thickness of APD). Calculate the gain\u00a0M<\/em>\u00a0of APD.<\/p>\n

    b) Calculate the gain of such device if the ionization rate for electrons is fixed on previously found level, but the ionization rate for holes is reduced by half.<\/p>\n

    Home Work 5
    \n<\/strong>Due Date: \u00a0To Be Determined<\/p>\n

    To Be Uploaded<\/em><\/p>\n

    Home Work 6
    \n<\/strong>Due Date: \u00a0To Be Determined<\/p>\n

    To Be Uploaded<\/em><\/p>\n

    Presentation Topics<\/h3>\n

    Other topics are possible, but need to be approved by the instructor.<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Types of gas and solid-state lasers and comparison<\/li>\n
    2. Tunable dye and solid-state lasers and comparison<\/li>\n
    3. Semiconductor diode lasers and comparison<\/li>\n
    4. Problem of light extraction efficiency in LEDs<\/li>\n
    5. Edge-emitting and distributed feedback lasers<\/li>\n
    6. Quantum well, wire and dot lasers, separate electronic and optical confinement<\/li>\n
    7. VCSEL\u2019s structure and properties<\/li>\n
    8. Tunable semiconductor lasers and mode locking<\/li>\n
    9. Semiconductor photoconductive detectors<\/li>\n
    10. PIN photodiodes<\/li>\n
    11. Avalanche photodiode<\/li>\n
    12. Physics and applications of CCD array devices<\/li>\n
    13. Electrooptic modulators<\/li>\n
    14. Acoustooptic modulators and deflectors<\/li>\n
    15. Optical modulators and isolators based on Faraday effect<\/li>\n
    16. Photonic crystals, complete photonic band gap and control of emission<\/li>\n
    17. Technologies of fabrication of photonic crystals and comparison<\/li>\n
    18. Opals and inverted opals<\/li>\n
    19. Superprism effect in photonic crystals<\/li>\n
    20. Photonic crystal fibers<\/li>\n
    21. Dielectric microresonators, Fabri-Perot cavities and coupled microcavities<\/li>\n
    22. Coupled resonator optical waveguides<\/li>\n
    23. Fluorescence properties of dielectric microspheres, whispering-gallery modes<\/li>\n
    24. Optical tweezers<\/li>\n
    25. Optical waveguide couplers and splitters<\/li>\n
    26. Integrated Mach-Zhender interferometer and applications<\/li>\n
    27. Fiber optics sensors<\/li>\n
    28. Second harmonic generation<\/li>\n
    29. Stimulated Raman scattering<\/li>\n
    30. Stimulated Brillouin scattering<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Instructor: Vasily N. Astratov Office: Grigg 332 (lab, Grigg 349) Phone: 704-687-8131 E-mail:\u00a0astratov@uncc.edu Webpage:\u00a0http:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/vasily-astratov\/ Office hours:\u00a0TBD Prerequisite Physics students should be enrolled in Optical Science and Engineering or Applied Physics programs, ECE students are welcome to take this course Lecture Thu 5:00 \u2013 7:30pm, Grigg 131 Subjects covered principles of lasers, semiconductor lasers and light […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":684,"featured_media":0,"parent":51,"menu_order":40,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-59","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P2TGes-X","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/vasily-astratov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/59","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/vasily-astratov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/vasily-astratov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/vasily-astratov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/684"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/vasily-astratov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/vasily-astratov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/59\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":575,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/vasily-astratov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/59\/revisions\/575"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/vasily-astratov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/51"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.charlotte.edu\/vasily-astratov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}