Plan for the Day

• Preview the next two weeks–syllabus
• What is Hauntology?
• Structuration Theory

Why did the hipster cross the road?
–To get to the other side…Before the chicken!

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What Is Hauntology?

I’m interested in your impressions of this article. It’s different from most of the reading this semester.

• p. 16: “What defined this “hauntological” confluence more than anything else was its confrontation with a cultural impasse: the failure of the future.”
• “…the futuristic now connoted a settled set of concepts, affects, and associations.”
  • What do we associate with the future?
• “What haunts the digital cul-de-sacs of the twenty-first century is not so much the past as all the lost futures that the twentieth century taught us to anticipate.”
• “the disappearance of the future meant the deterioration of a whole mode of social imagination: the capacity to conceive of a world radically different from the one in which we currently live.”
  • This is the big takeaway from this article. If I were more up on electronica, I might suggest another take, but I’ll settle for this one…in this time.
  • And what is the “world” we can’t envision, or what can we not envision in this world and, therefore, the future?
  • There’s also a critique of socialism/Marxism/communism we could make. Do those systems ever have to defend themselves?
• “The future is always experienced as a haunting: as a virtuality that already impinges on the present, conditioning expectations and motivating cultural production.”
• p. 17: “Everything in [Body Heat]…conspires to blur its official contemporaneity and make it possible for the viewer to receive the narrative as though it were set in some eternal thirties, beyond real historical time.” (quoting Jamison)
  • The bar scene
  • Double Indemnity‘s (1944) speeding discussion
• p. 18: “Relentless technological upgrades—the same thing, seen and/or heard on a new platform—disguise the disappearance of formal innovation and new kind of sensory experience.”
• “…series of sweet traces that are veiled by one of sonic hauntology’s signature traits, the conspicuous use of crackle, which renders time as an audible materiality.”
  • As for pastiche, one would add “snap” and “pop” to the above.
• “…a public service broadcasting system and a popular culture that could be challenging and experimental.”
• “The radical dimension of social democratic culture, in fact, consisted in the way it produced a longing for its (self-)overcoming, that it was premised on the movement toward a scarcely imaginable future.”
• “One of the futures that haunts those who count themselves as progressive, then, is the possibility of a culture that could continue what had begun in postwar social democracy, but that could leave behind the sexism, racism, and homophobia which were so much a feature of the actual postwar period.”
  • Of course, all those are behind us now…
• p. 19: “The disappearance of space goes alongside the disappearance of time: there are non-times as well as non-places. Haunting can be seen as intrinsically resistant to the contraction and homogenization of time and space. It happens when a place is stained by time, or when a particular place becomes the site for an encounter with broken time.”
• The Shining…”of the preoccupations that have reemerged in the twenty-first-century take on hauntology. The film refers to hauntology in the most general sense—the quality of (dis)possession that is proper to human existence as such, the way in which the past has a way of using us to repeat itself.”
  • Take fashion, a very zombie behavior, there’s not too much difference between “bell bottoms” and “flared” jeans…hippies are so commercial.
• p. 20: “to the non-places of coming corporate hyperdomination…”
  • Let’s follow this idea of placelessness:
  • Concord Mills, clusters of chains at highway exits, common food courts, areas around tourist sites, etc.
  • Las Vegas: Unconventional History (2005) {No longer available online}
  • This is an ok substitution: “LAS VEGAS, The Mirage Out West” (2016)

“All the Lost Futures…” (p. 16)

Oh, the lost futures where you’ll (not) go! It takes a certain amount of pessimism to embrace this topic, so I forewarn you that your (constructed) reality may not remain intact. Both of Fisher’s texts point to our reproductions in this capitalist wasteland. You video game fans will recognize the Fallout series as a narrative on the “failure of the future,” but you should also realize that it references contemporary American culture using improved yet the same technologies that moved from tactical purposes (WW2) to practical ones (post-war consumerism): interstates, space technologies, the (early) internet, Las Vegas, Disneyland, shopping malls, etc.

Let’s consider a British writer to go along with Fisher. D.H. Lawrence’s Women in Love (1920) is hardly the romance the title suggests (his Lady Chatterley’s Lover is more “romantic”) and offers a scathing rebuke of letting technology take over. Consider the character Gerald Crich:

• Gerald runs the company ‘‘on the most accurate and delicate scientific method’’; thus, ‘‘the miners were reduced to mere mechanical instruments’’ (Lawrence 1920/1995, p. 230). Of course, this Taylorist/Fordist impulse for ultra-efficiency was part of the rise of the industrial West. Lawrence appeared to be aware of America’s dominance (or coming dominance in industrialization) because he wrote that the ‘‘[n]ew machinery was brought from America, such as the miners had never seen before, great iron men, as the cutting machines were called, and unusual appliances’’ (1920/1995, p. 230, emphasis added). Even the machines had nicknames to reinforce their ‘‘human’’ qualities. (Toscano, p. 127)
• Gerald is the god in his own mind because he adheres so vehemently to the cult of efficiency that permeates industrialization. By putting humans into this framework, their worth directly relates to the work they produce: ‘‘The sufferings and feelings of individuals did not matter in the least….What mattered was the pure instrumentality of the individual’’ (Lawrence 1920/1995, p. 223). (Toscano, p. 128)
• Unfortunately, this system sets humans up for failure because the loop continually pushes them to work faster and faster, which is ‘‘terrible and heartbreaking in its mechanicalness’’ (Lawrence 1920/1995, p. 230). Therefore, Gerald is not inherently corrupt and destined to breakdown as a machine would, but he is a victim of his own dogma, an ideology the industrialized world embraces along with the cult of efficiency. (Toscano, p. 128)

Spoiler alert! Gerald finds himself at a cul-de-sac of sorts–a valley with impenetrable mountains–where it is nature that consumes him (well, that’s an interpretation). Symbolically, he’s leaving humanity and love behind because…you’ll have to read to find out. We’ve previously discussed the meaning of cul-de-sacs, so what do you think. Consider the cultural analysis (suburbia?) and critical analysis (dead end or repetition?).

On a lighter note, perhaps, this Archie Comic from 1997 has made the rounds on social media.

Time Permitting–Zombies

This a tradition in this class–talk about zombies!

More on Structuration Theory

Consider this a theory about power and control. What are the things that control us? We aren’t just controlled be force–police, parents, politicians, etc.–we’re also controlled by ideology, but it’s often invisible, and we don’t reflect upon it. Mark Fisher claims that “Control only works if you are complicit with it” (22). I like to consider Anthony Giddens theory of structuration when I think of Fisher’s argument. Structuration theory proposes that humans operate under a pre-existing social structure, which controls actions. Citizens abide by and reproduce the overall structure, but this means they consent to the agents of social control that govern them. Consider the following quotations from Giddens:

• “social structures are both constituted by human agency, and yet at the same time are the very medium of this constitution” (New Rules for Sociological Method 121).
• “To examine the structuration of a social system is to examine the modes whereby that system, through the application of generative rules and resources is produced and reproduced in social interaction. Social systems, which are systems of social interaction, are not structures, although they necessarily have structures. There is no structure, in human social life, apart from the continuity of processes of structuration.” (Studies in Social and Political Theory 118)

Reflecting and advocating Giddens’s theory, James W. Messerschmidt summarizes that “structure both constrains and enables social action” (p. 77). I’ve mentioned that media reproduce ideology, normalizing it. Well, it was already normalized, but it’s impossible to determine whether or not the media (broadly) developed the ideology first or reflected the ideology (or could it be dialectic). We don’t need to worry about a starting point, however, because we can identify instances where culture mediates rules, norms, repetitive behaviors, etc. We can claim that our actions are not solely individually motivated. We reproduce and justify the social system by operating within it.

Giddens’s theory hasn’t been debunked and, although there are criticisms of his initial theory, there are many expansions of his theory. Structuration theory is a useful interpretive lens for cultural studies because it allows us to focus on agents and rules. Simply put, our actions create our world; our interactions maintain or recreate the world. Why do we agents follow rules? Why are there rules? In view of our texts, do humans have any agency, or do they just respond to rules (their code—coding, program language)?

Next Week

We’re only meeting on Monday (10/07) next week because your Midterm Exam will be on Canvas on Wednesday, 10/09, and you can take it wherever you have internet access. Then, you have Fall Break Monday (10/14), and I’ll be gone for a conference Wednesday, (10/16), but you have a film to watch and a Weekly Discussion Post.

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Works Cited

Archie Publications. Betty #46 (Feb. 1997).

Fisher, Mark. Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? Zero Books, 2009.

Giddens, Anthony. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Polity Press, 1984.

Giddens, Anthony. New Rules for Sociological Method. Basic Books, 1976.

Giddens, Anthony. Studies in Social and Political Theory. Routledge, 2015.

Lawrence, D.H. Women in Love. London: Penguin, 1995. (Original work published in 1920)

Messerschmidt, James W. Masculinities and Crime: Critique and Reconceptualization of Theory. Rowman & Littlefield P, 1993.

Toscano, Aaron. Marconi’s Wireless and the Rhetoric of a New Technology. Springer, 2011.